23 files changed, 111 insertions, 113 deletions
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
index 70af389519c..452f3b99742 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@ type A is
  :type 'boolean :group 'ada)
 (defcustom ada-indent-is-separate t
-  "Non-nil means indent ‘is separate’ or ‘is abstract’ if on a single line."
+  "Non-nil means indent `is separate' or `is abstract' if on a single line."
  :type 'boolean :group 'ada)
 (defcustom ada-indent-record-rel-type 3
-  "Indentation for ‘record’ relative to ‘type’ or ‘use’.
+  "Indentation for `record' relative to `type' or `use'.
 An example is:
   type A is
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ Must be one of :
  :group 'ada)
 (defcustom ada-use-indent ada-broken-indent
-  "Indentation for the lines in a ‘use’ statement.
+  "Indentation for the lines in a `use' statement.
 An example is:
   use Ada.Text_IO,
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ An example is:
  :type 'integer :group 'ada)
 (defcustom ada-when-indent 3
-  "Indentation for ‘when’ relative to ‘exception’ or ‘case’.
+  "Indentation for `when' relative to `exception' or `case'.
 An example is:
   case A is
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ An example is:
  :type 'integer :group 'ada)
 (defcustom ada-with-indent ada-broken-indent
-  "Indentation for the lines in a ‘with’ statement.
+  "Indentation for the lines in a `with' statement.
 An example is:
   with Ada.Text_IO,
@@ -2834,7 +2834,7 @@ ORGPOINT is the limit position used in the calculation."
      (save-excursion
        (goto-char (car match-cons))
        (unless (ada-search-ignore-string-comment "when" t opos)
-          (error "Missing ‘when’ between ‘case’ and ‘=>’"))
+          (error "Missing `when' between `case' and `=>'"))
        (list (save-excursion (back-to-indentation) (point)) 'ada-indent)))
     ;;
     ;; case..is..when
@@ -3003,7 +3003,7 @@ ORGPOINT is the limit position used in the calculation."
      (list cur-indent 'ada-broken-indent)))))
 (defun ada-get-indent-noindent (orgpoint)
-  "Calculate the indentation when point is just before a ‘noindent stmt’.
+  "Calculate the indentation when point is just before a `noindent stmt'.
 ORGPOINT is the limit position used in the calculation."
  (let ((label 0))
    (save-excursion
@@ -3429,7 +3429,7 @@ Return the new position of point or nil if not found."
 Moves point to the matching block start."
  (ada-goto-matching-start 0)
  (unless (looking-at (concat "\\<" keyword "\\>"))
-    (error "Matching start is not ‘%s’" keyword)))
+    (error "Matching start is not `%s'" keyword)))
 (defun ada-check-defun-name (defun-name)
@@ -3667,7 +3667,7 @@ otherwise throw error."
  "Move point to the beginning of a block-start.
 Which block depends on the value of NEST-LEVEL, which defaults to zero.
 If NOERROR is non-nil, it only returns nil if no matching start was found.
-If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the ‘then’ following ‘if’."
+If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the `then' following `if'."
  (let ((nest-count (if nest-level nest-level 0))
        (found nil)
@@ -3734,7 +3734,7 @@ If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the ‘then’ following ‘if’."
                (if pos
                    (goto-char (car pos))
                  (error (concat
-                          "No matching ‘is’ or ‘renames’ for ‘package’ at"
+                          "No matching `is' or `renames' for `package' at"
                          " line "
                          (number-to-string (count-lines 1 (1+ current)))))))
              (unless (looking-at "renames")
@@ -3862,7 +3862,7 @@ If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the ‘then’ following ‘if’."
             ((looking-at "do")
              (unless (ada-search-ignore-string-comment
                       "\\<accept\\|return\\>" t)
-                (error "Missing ‘accept’ or ‘return’ in front of ‘do’"))))
+                (error "Missing `accept' or `return' in front of `do'"))))
            (point))
        (if noerror
@@ -4073,7 +4073,7 @@ Assumes point to be at the end of a statement."
 (defun ada-looking-at-semi-or ()
-  "Return t if looking at an ‘or’ following a semicolon."
+  "Return t if looking at an `or' following a semicolon."
  (save-excursion
    (and (looking-at "\\<or\\>")
         (progn
@@ -4146,7 +4146,7 @@ Return nil if the private is part of the package name, as in
                           "type\\)\\>"))))))
 (defun ada-search-ignore-complex-boolean (regexp backwardp)
-  "Search for REGEXP, ignoring comments, strings, ‘and then’, ‘or else’.
+  "Search for REGEXP, ignoring comments, strings, `and then', `or else'.
 If BACKWARDP is non-nil, search backward; search forward otherwise."
  (let (result)
  (while (and (setq result (ada-search-ignore-string-comment regexp backwardp))
@@ -4366,7 +4366,7 @@ of the region.  Otherwise, operate only on the current line."
 (defun ada-move-to-end ()
  "Move point to the end of the block around point.
-Moves to ‘begin’ if in a declarative part."
+Moves to `begin' if in a declarative part."
  (interactive)
  (let ((pos (point))
        decl-start)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el b/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el
index 7e354bc2b0f..3b71c5987ed 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el
@@ -309,13 +309,13 @@ where the compilation is done.")
 "If you want to remotely compile, debug and
 run your application, specify the name of a
 remote machine here. This capability requires
-the ‘rsh’ protocol on the remote machine.")
+the `rsh' protocol on the remote machine.")
    (ada-prj-field 'cross_prefix "Prefix used in for the cross tool chain"
 "When working on multiple cross targets, it is
 most convenient to specify the prefix of the
 tool chain here. For instance, on PowerPc
-vxworks, you would enter ‘powerpc-wrs-vxworks-’.
+vxworks, you would enter `powerpc-wrs-vxworks-'.
-To use JGNAT, enter ‘j’.")
+To use JGNAT, enter `j'.")
    )
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el b/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el
index 6f2f78f7f19..816de12cbdb 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ On Windows systems, this will properly handle .exe extension as well."
                    (ada-find-file-in-dir (concat exec-name ".exe") exec-path))))
    (if result
        result
-      (error "‘%s’ not found in path" exec-name))))
+      (error "`%s' not found in path" exec-name))))
 (defun ada-initialize-runtime-library (cross-prefix)
  "Initialize the variables for the runtime library location.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/cc-engine.el b/lisp/progmodes/cc-engine.el
index f26b8ec6dd1..82f0d722d03 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/cc-engine.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/cc-engine.el
@@ -634,7 +634,7 @@ move into or out of sexps (not even normal expression parentheses).
 If point is already at the earliest statement within braces or parens,
 this function doesn't move back into any whitespace preceding it; it
-returns 'same in this case.
+returns `same' in this case.
 Stop at statement continuation tokens like \"else\", \"catch\",
 \"finally\" and the \"while\" in \"do ... while\" if the start point
@@ -656,19 +656,19 @@ start of the definition in a \"#define\".  Also stop at start of
 macros before leaving them.
 Return:
-'label          if stopped at a label or \"case...:\" or \"default:\";
+`label'         if stopped at a label or \"case...:\" or \"default:\";
-'same           if stopped at the beginning of the current statement;
+`same'          if stopped at the beginning of the current statement;
-'up             if stepped to a containing statement;
+`up'            if stepped to a containing statement;
-'previous       if stepped to a preceding statement;
+`previous'      if stepped to a preceding statement;
-'beginning      if stepped from a statement continuation clause to
+`beginning'     if stepped from a statement continuation clause to
                its start clause; or
-'macro          if stepped to a macro start.
+`macro'         if stepped to a macro start.
-Note that 'same and not 'label is returned if stopped at the same
+Note that `same' and not `label' is returned if stopped at the same
 label without crossing the colon character.
 LIM may be given to limit the search.  If the search hits the limit,
 point will be left at the closest following token, or at the start
-position if that is less ('same is returned in this case).
+position if that is less (`same' is returned in this case).
 NOERROR turns off error logging to `c-parsing-error'.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/cc-langs.el b/lisp/progmodes/cc-langs.el
index 0e904d23c5b..a1e26b9fcc4 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/cc-langs.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/cc-langs.el
@@ -926,14 +926,14 @@ following elements.  The car of each element describes the type of the
 operator group, and the cdr is a list of the operator tokens in it.
 The operator group types are:
-'prefix         Unary prefix operators.
+`prefix'        Unary prefix operators.
-'postfix        Unary postfix operators.
+`postfix'       Unary postfix operators.
-'postfix-if-paren
+`postfix-if-paren'
                Unary postfix operators if and only if the chars have
                parenthesis syntax.
-'left-assoc     Binary left associative operators (i.e. a+b+c means (a+b)+c).
+`left-assoc'    Binary left associative operators (i.e. a+b+c means (a+b)+c).
-'right-assoc    Binary right associative operators (i.e. a=b=c means a=(b=c)).
+`right-assoc'   Binary right associative operators (i.e. a=b=c means a=(b=c)).
-'right-assoc-sequence
+`right-assoc-sequence'
                Right associative operator that constitutes of a
                sequence of tokens that separate expressions.  All the
                tokens in the group are in this case taken as
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/cc-vars.el b/lisp/progmodes/cc-vars.el
index df6e987721b..da36647f2cd 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/cc-vars.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/cc-vars.el
@@ -833,7 +833,7 @@ string in the mode line), and a semicolon or comma is typed (see
 no arguments, and should return one of the following values:
  nil             -- no determination made, continue checking
-  'stop           -- do not insert a newline, and stop checking
+  `stop'          -- do not insert a newline, and stop checking
  (anything else) -- insert a newline, and stop checking
 If every function in the list is called with no determination made,
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el
index 322024ea448..b8ba170a246 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el
@@ -724,7 +724,7 @@ mode-compile.el.
 If your Emacs does not default to `cperl-mode' on Perl files, and you
 want it to: put the following into your .emacs file:
-  (defalias 'perl-mode 'cperl-mode)
+  (defalias \\='perl-mode \\='cperl-mode)
 Get perl5-info from
  $CPAN/doc/manual/info/perl5-old/perl5-info.tar.gz
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el b/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
index 2443d6f8ca9..80f9e2a7719 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
@@ -3471,7 +3471,7 @@ are not performed."
    (with-output-to-temp-buffer (concat "*Apropos Members*")
      (set-buffer standard-output)
      (erase-buffer)
-      (insert (format-message "Members matching ‘%s’\n\n" regexp))
+      (insert (format-message "Members matching `%s'\n\n" regexp))
      (cl-loop for s in (ebrowse-list-of-matching-members members regexp) do
               (cl-loop for info in (gethash s members) do
                        (ebrowse-draw-file-member-info info))))))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/elisp-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/elisp-mode.el
index bcabf3cdf59..1ea9f174775 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/elisp-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/elisp-mode.el
@@ -1322,7 +1322,7 @@ which see."
  0 - contains the last symbol read from the buffer.
  1 - contains the string last displayed in the echo area for variables,
      or argument string for functions.
-  2 - 'function if function args, 'variable if variable documentation.")
+  2 - `function' if function args, `variable' if variable documentation.")
 (defun elisp-eldoc-documentation-function ()
  "`eldoc-documentation-function' (which see) for Emacs Lisp."
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/etags.el b/lisp/progmodes/etags.el
index d38a7cd7706..0d5fc3a3cd3 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/etags.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/etags.el
@@ -1268,7 +1268,7 @@ buffer-local values of tags table format variables."
      ;;   \6 is the line to start searching at;
      ;;   \7 is the char to start searching at.
      (while (re-search-forward
-              "^\\(\\([^\177]+[^-a-zA-Z0-9_+*$:\177]+\\)?\
+              "^\\(\\([^\177]*[^-a-zA-Z0-9_+*$:\177]+\\)?\
 \\([-a-zA-Z0-9_+*$?:]+\\)[^-a-zA-Z0-9_+*$?:\177]*\\)\177\
 \\(\\([^\n\001]+\\)\001\\)?\\([0-9]+\\)?,\\([0-9]+\\)?\n"
              nil t)
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ hits the start of file."
        (when (symbolp symbs)
          (if (boundp symbs)
              (setq symbs (symbol-value symbs))
-            (insert (format-message "symbol ‘%s’ has no value\n" symbs))
+            (insert (format-message "symbol `%s' has no value\n" symbs))
            (setq symbs nil)))
        (if (vectorp symbs)
            (mapatoms ins-symb symbs)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/f90.el b/lisp/progmodes/f90.el
index 43b057ba882..e8a1ae455ee 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/f90.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/f90.el
@@ -1425,7 +1425,7 @@ single - statement is not continued.
 begin  - current line is the first in a continued statement.
 end    - current line is the last in a continued statement
 middle - current line is neither first nor last in a continued statement.
-Comment lines embedded amongst continued lines return 'middle."
+Comment lines embedded amongst continued lines return `middle'."
  (let (pcont cont)
    (save-excursion
      (setq pcont (if (f90-previous-statement) (f90-line-continued))))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el b/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el
index f220633fefa..a9d47431e51 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ Return its file name if found, or nil if not found."
            nil)))))
 (defun flymake-fix-file-name (name)
-  "Replace all occurrences of ‘\\’ with ‘/’."
+  "Replace all occurrences of `\\' with `/'."
  (when name
    (setq name (expand-file-name name))
    (setq name (abbreviate-file-name name))
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ Perhaps use text from LINE-ERR-INFO-LIST to enhance highlighting."
        (when (flymake-same-files real-file-name source-file-name)
          (setq line-err-info (flymake-ler-set-file line-err-info nil))
          (setq err-info-list (flymake-add-err-info err-info-list line-err-info))))
-      (flymake-log 3 "parsed ‘%s’, %s line-err-info" (nth idx lines) (if line-err-info "got" "no"))
+      (flymake-log 3 "parsed `%s', %s line-err-info" (nth idx lines) (if line-err-info "got" "no"))
      (setq idx (1+ idx)))
    err-info-list))
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ For the format of LINE-ERR-INFO, see `flymake-ler-make-ler'."
    (error
     (let* ((err-str
             (format-message
-              "Failed to launch syntax check process ‘%s’ with args %s: %s"
+              "Failed to launch syntax check process `%s' with args %s: %s"
              cmd args (error-message-string err)))
            (source-file-name buffer-file-name)
            (cleanup-f        (flymake-get-cleanup-function source-file-name)))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/fortran.el b/lisp/progmodes/fortran.el
index 83e427da790..ee4733f6e4e 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/fortran.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/fortran.el
@@ -817,15 +817,15 @@ Variables controlling indentation style and extra features:
  Amount of extra indentation for text in full-line comments (default 0).
 `fortran-comment-indent-style'
  How to indent the text in full-line comments. Allowed values are:
-  nil       don't change the indentation
+  nil         don't change the indentation
-  fixed     indent to `fortran-comment-line-extra-indent' beyond the
+  `fixed'     indent to `fortran-comment-line-extra-indent' beyond the
              value of either
                `fortran-minimum-statement-indent-fixed' (fixed format) or
                `fortran-minimum-statement-indent-tab' (TAB format),
              depending on the continuation format in use.
-  relative  indent to `fortran-comment-line-extra-indent' beyond the
+  `relative'  indent to `fortran-comment-line-extra-indent' beyond the
              indentation for a line of code.
-  (default 'fixed)
+  (default `fixed')
 `fortran-comment-indent-char'
  Single-character string to be inserted instead of space for
  full-line comment indentation (default \" \").
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/gdb-mi.el b/lisp/progmodes/gdb-mi.el
index 9942e17397a..1eff62c5acf 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/gdb-mi.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/gdb-mi.el
@@ -2065,7 +2065,7 @@ a GDB/MI reply message."
 (defun gdbmi-bnf-gdb-prompt ()
  "Implementation of the following GDB/MI output grammar rule:
  gdb-prompt ==>
-       '(gdb)' nl
+       `(gdb)' nl
  nl ==>
       CR | CR-LF"
@@ -2085,7 +2085,7 @@ a GDB/MI reply message."
  "Implementation of the following GDB/MI output grammar rule:
  result-record ==>
-       [ token ] '^' result-class ( ',' result )* nl
+       [ token ] `^' result-class ( `,' result )* nl
  token ==>
       any sequence of digits."
@@ -2110,16 +2110,16 @@ a GDB/MI reply message."
       exec-async-output | status-async-output | notify-async-output
  exec-async-output ==>
-       [ token ] '*' async-output
+       [ token ] `*' async-output
  status-async-output ==>
-       [ token ] '+' async-output
+       [ token ] `+' async-output
  notify-async-output ==>
-       [ token ] '=' async-output
+       [ token ] `=' async-output
  async-output ==>
-       async-class ( ',' result )* nl"
+       async-class ( `,' result )* nl"
  (gdbmi-bnf-result-and-async-record-impl))
@@ -2130,13 +2130,13 @@ a GDB/MI reply message."
       console-stream-output | target-stream-output | log-stream-output
  console-stream-output ==>
-       '~' c-string
+       `~' c-string
  target-stream-output ==>
-       '@' c-string
+       `@' c-string
  log-stream-output ==>
-       '&' c-string"
+       `&' c-string"
  (when (< gdbmi-bnf-offset (length gud-marker-acc))
    (if (and (member (aref gud-marker-acc gdbmi-bnf-offset) '(?~ ?@ ?&))
             (string-match (concat "\\([~@&]\\)\\(" gdb--string-regexp "\\)\n")
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el b/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el
index b5e799848de..50ebadf733b 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ This variable can have 3 values:
 nil        Arrows just move the cursor
 t          Arrows force the cursor back to the current command line and
           walk the history
-'cmdline   When the cursor is in the current command line, arrows walk the
+`cmdline'  When the cursor is in the current command line, arrows walk the
           history.  Everywhere else in the buffer, arrows move the cursor."
  :group 'idlwave-shell-general-setup
  :type '(choice
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ to set this option to nil."
 (defcustom idlwave-shell-file-name-chars "~/A-Za-z0-9+:_.$#%={}\\- "
  "The characters allowed in file names, as a string.
-Used for file name completion.  Must not contain ‘'’, ‘,’ and ‘\"’
+Used for file name completion.  Must not contain `\\='', `,' and `\"'
 because these are used as separators by IDL."
  :group 'idlwave-shell-general-setup
  :type 'string)
@@ -439,15 +439,13 @@ Value decides about the method which is used to mark the line.  Valid values
 are:
 nil       Do not mark the line
-'arrow    Use the overlay arrow
+`arrow'   Use the overlay arrow
-'face     Use `idlwave-shell-stop-line-face' to highlight the line.
+`face'    Use `idlwave-shell-stop-line-face' to highlight the line.
 t         Use what IDLWAVE thinks is best.  Will be a face where possible,
          otherwise the overlay arrow.
 The overlay-arrow has the disadvantage to hide the first chars of a line.
 Since many people do not have the main block of IDL programs indented,
-a face highlighting may be better.
+a face highlighting may be better."
-In Emacs 21, the overlay arrow is displayed in a special area and never
-hides any code, so setting this to 'arrow on Emacs 21 sounds like a good idea."
  :group 'idlwave-shell-highlighting-and-faces
  :type '(choice
          (const :tag "No marking" nil)
@@ -494,10 +492,10 @@ where IDL is stopped, when in Electric Debug Mode."
  "Non-nil means, mark breakpoints in the source files.
 Valid values are:
 nil        Do not mark breakpoints.
-'face      Highlight line with `idlwave-shell-breakpoint-face'.
+`face'     Highlight line with `idlwave-shell-breakpoint-face'.
-'glyph     Red dot at the beginning of line.  If the display does not
+`glyph'    Red dot at the beginning of line.  If the display does not
-           support glyphs, will use 'face instead.
+           support glyphs, will use `face' instead.
-t          Glyph when possible, otherwise face (same effect as 'glyph)."
+t          Glyph when possible, otherwise face (same effect as `glyph')."
  :group 'idlwave-shell-highlighting-and-faces
  :type '(choice
          (const :tag "No marking" nil)
@@ -3911,7 +3909,7 @@ Elements of the alist have the form:
 (defun idlwave-shell-module-source-query (module &optional type)
  "Determine the source file for a given module.
-Query as a function if TYPE set to something beside 'pro."
+Query as a function if TYPE set to something beside `pro'."
  (if module
      (idlwave-shell-send-command
       (format "print,(routine_info('%s',/SOURCE%s)).PATH" module
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el b/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
index daf919adb2f..b524b761b75 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
@@ -376,7 +376,7 @@ The following values are allowed:
 nil       Don't scan any buffers.
 t         Scan all `idlwave-mode' buffers in the current editing session.
-current   Scan only the current buffer, but no other buffers."
+`current' Scan only the current buffer, but no other buffers."
  :group 'idlwave-routine-info
  :type '(choice
          (const :tag "No buffer" nil)
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ The actions that can be performed are listed in `idlwave-indent-action-table'."
 (defcustom idlwave-abbrev-start-char "\\"
  "A single character string used to start abbreviations in abbrev mode.
 Possible characters to choose from: ~\\=`\%
-or even ‘?’.  ‘.’ is not a good choice because it can make structure
+or even `?'.  `.' is not a good choice because it can make structure
 field names act like abbrevs in certain circumstances.
 Changes to this in `idlwave-mode-hook' will have no effect.  Instead a user
@@ -5833,15 +5833,15 @@ to override IDLWAVE's idea of what should be completed at point.
 Possible values are:
 0  <=>  query for the completion type
-1  <=>  'procedure
+1  <=>  `procedure'
-2  <=>  'procedure-keyword
+2  <=>  `procedure-keyword'
-3  <=>  'function
+3  <=>  `function'
-4  <=>  'function-keyword
+4  <=>  `function-keyword'
-5  <=>  'procedure-method
+5  <=>  `procedure-method'
-6  <=>  'procedure-method-keyword
+6  <=>  `procedure-method-keyword'
-7  <=>  'function-method
+7  <=>  `function-method'
-8  <=>  'function-method-keyword
+8  <=>  `function-method-keyword'
-9  <=>  'class
+9  <=>  `class'
 As a special case, the universal argument C-u forces completion of
 function names in places where the default would be a keyword.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el
index 9abbf16ed5d..4f46cbe6357 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ Fill comments, backslashed lines, and variable definitions specially."
 (defun makefile-browser-insert-continuation ()
  "Insert a makefile continuation.
-In the makefile buffer, go to (end-of-line), insert a ‘\\’
+In the makefile buffer, go to (end-of-line), insert a `\\'
 character, insert a new blank line, go to that line and indent by one TAB.
 This is most useful in the process of creating continued lines when copying
 large dependencies from the browser to the client buffer.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/prolog.el b/lisp/progmodes/prolog.el
index b95c3f97117..5a4ed84c346 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/prolog.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/prolog.el
@@ -402,11 +402,11 @@ Only used in ( If -> Then ; Else) and ( Disj1 ; Disj2 ) style expressions."
 (defcustom prolog-parse-mode 'beg-of-clause
  "The parse mode used (decides from which point parsing is done).
 Legal values:
-'beg-of-line   - starts parsing at the beginning of a line, unless the
+`beg-of-line'   - starts parsing at the beginning of a line, unless the
-                 previous line ends with a backslash.  Fast, but has
+                  previous line ends with a backslash.  Fast, but has
-                 problems detecting multiline /* */ comments.
+                  problems detecting multiline /* */ comments.
-'beg-of-clause - starts parsing at the beginning of the current clause.
+`beg-of-clause' - starts parsing at the beginning of the current clause.
-                 Slow, but copes better with /* */ comments."
+                  Slow, but copes better with /* */ comments."
  :version "24.1"
  :group 'prolog-indentation
  :type '(choice (const :value beg-of-line)
@@ -1209,7 +1209,7 @@ using the commands `send-region', `send-string' and \\[prolog-consult-region].
 Commands:
 Tab indents for Prolog; with argument, shifts rest
 of expression rigidly with the current line.
-Paragraphs are separated only by blank lines and '%%'. '%'s start comments.
+Paragraphs are separated only by blank lines and `%%'. `%'s start comments.
 Return at end of buffer sends line as input.
 Return not at end copies rest of line to end and sends it.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/python.el b/lisp/progmodes/python.el
index 63a43c1b31a..9528ffeebbc 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/python.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/python.el
@@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ of `error' with a user-friendly message."
  (or (python-shell-get-process)
      (if interactivep
          (user-error
-           "Start a Python process first with ‘%s’ or ‘%s’."
+           "Start a Python process first with `%s' or `%s'."
           (substitute-command-keys "\\[run-python]")
           ;; Get the binding.
           (key-description
@@ -2979,7 +2979,7 @@ This is a wrapper over `buffer-substring' that takes care of
 different transformations for the code sent to be evaluated in
 the python shell:
  1. When optional argument NOMAIN is non-nil everything under an
-     \"if __name__ == '__main__'\" block will be removed.
+     \"if __name__ == \\='__main__\\='\" block will be removed.
  2. When a subregion of the buffer is sent, it takes care of
     appending extra empty lines so tracebacks are correct.
  3. When the region sent is a substring of the current buffer, a
@@ -4006,7 +4006,7 @@ The skeleton will be bound to python-skeleton-NAME."
  (let* ((name (symbol-name name))
         (function-name (intern (concat "python-skeleton--" name)))
         (msg (format-message
-               "Add ‘%s’ clause? " name)))
+               "Add `%s' clause? " name)))
    (when (not skel)
      (setq skel
            `(< ,(format "%s:" name) \n \n
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/sql.el b/lisp/progmodes/sql.el
index f46c8a99b67..cbf65c0a803 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/sql.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/sql.el
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ passed as command line arguments."
    ;; work for remote hosts; we suppress the check there.
    (unless (or (file-remote-p default-directory)
                (executable-find program))
-      (error "Unable to locate SQL program ‘%s’" program))
+      (error "Unable to locate SQL program `%s'" program))
    ;; Make sure buffer name is unique.
    (when (sql-buffer-live-p (format "*%s*" buf-name))
      (setq buf-name (format "SQL-%s" product))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
index caae746779e..f83c676396d 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
@@ -4477,7 +4477,7 @@ More specifically, after a generate and before an endgenerate."
    (= nest 0) )) ; return nest
 (defun verilog-in-deferred-immediate-final-p ()
-  "Return true if inside an ‘assert/assume/cover final’ statement."
+  "Return true if inside an `assert/assume/cover final' statement."
  (interactive)
  (and (looking-at "final")
       (verilog-looking-back "\\<\\(?:assert\\|assume\\|cover\\)\\>\\s-+" nil))
@@ -7221,7 +7221,7 @@ will be completed at runtime and should not be added to this list.")
 (defun verilog-func-completion (type)
  "Build regular expression for module/task/function names.
-TYPE is ‘module’, ‘tf’ for task or function, or t if unknown."
+TYPE is `module', `tf' for task or function, or t if unknown."
  (if (string= verilog-str "")
      (setq verilog-str "[a-zA-Z_]"))
  (let ((verilog-str (concat (cond
@@ -7294,7 +7294,7 @@ must be a function to be called for every match to check if this should
 really be a match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is t, the function returns a list of
 all possible completions.  If VERILOG-FLAG is nil it returns a string,
 the longest possible completion, or t if VERILOG-STR is an exact match.
-If VERILOG-FLAG is ‘lambda’, the function returns t if VERILOG-STR is an
+If VERILOG-FLAG is `lambda', the function returns t if VERILOG-STR is an
 exact match, nil otherwise."
  (save-excursion
    (let ((verilog-all nil))
@@ -7489,7 +7489,7 @@ VERILOG-PRED is non-nil, it must be a function to be called for every match
 to check if this should really be a match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is t, the
 function returns a list of all possible completions.  If it is nil it
 returns a string, the longest possible completion, or t if VERILOG-STR is
-an exact match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is ‘lambda’, the function returns t if
+an exact match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is `lambda', the function returns t if
 VERILOG-STR is an exact match, nil otherwise."
  (save-excursion
    (let ((verilog-all nil)
@@ -10099,7 +10099,7 @@ if non-nil."
 ;; Combined
 (defun verilog-decls-get-signals (decls)
-  "Return all declared signals in DECLS, excluding ‘assign’ statements."
+  "Return all declared signals in DECLS, excluding `assign' statements."
  (append
   (verilog-decls-get-outputs decls)
   (verilog-decls-get-inouts decls)
@@ -11484,14 +11484,14 @@ Lisp Templates:
  Lisp functions:
        vl-name        Name portion of the input/output port.
-        vl-bits        Bus bits portion of the input/output port (‘[2:0]’).
+        vl-bits        Bus bits portion of the input/output port (`[2:0]').
-        vl-mbits       Multidimensional array bits for port (‘[2:0][3:0]’).
+        vl-mbits       Multidimensional array bits for port (`[2:0][3:0]').
-        vl-width       Width of the input/output port (‘3’ for [2:0]).
+        vl-width       Width of the input/output port (`3' for [2:0]).
                       May be a (...) expression if bits isn't a constant.
        vl-dir         Direction of the pin input/output/inout/interface.
        vl-modport     The modport, if an interface with a modport.
-        vl-cell-type   Module name/type of the cell (‘InstModule’).
+        vl-cell-type   Module name/type of the cell (`InstModule').
-        vl-cell-name   Instance name of the cell (‘instName’).
+        vl-cell-name   Instance name of the cell (`instName').
  Normal Lisp variables may be used in expressions.  See
  `verilog-read-defines' which can set vh-{definename} variables for use
@@ -14177,7 +14177,7 @@ Files are checked based on `verilog-library-flags'."
                             (match-string 1) (buffer-file-name))))
          (when warn
            (message
-             "File ‘%s’ isn't readable, use shift-mouse2 to paste in this field"
+             "File `%s' isn't readable, use shift-mouse2 to paste in this field"
             (match-string 1))))))))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el
index 47b15d886bc..19a7e970a60 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
 '/' or is empty)."
  (let ((val (widget-value widget)))
    (unless (string-match "^\\(\\|.*/\\)$" val)
-      (widget-put widget :error "Invalid directory entry: must end with ‘/’")
+      (widget-put widget :error "Invalid directory entry: must end with `/'")
      widget)))
 ;; help string for user options
@@ -4361,7 +4361,7 @@ Usage:
      ;;;  -->  \" := \"      [[  -->  [        --CR  -->  comment-out code
      ..   -->  \" => \"      ]   -->  )        ---   -->  horizontal line
      ,,   -->  \" <= \"      ]]  -->  ]        ----  -->  display comment
-      ==   -->  \" == \"      ''  -->  \\\"
+      ==   -->  \" == \"      \\='\\='  -->  \\\"
  WORD COMPLETION:
@@ -4808,7 +4808,7 @@ Usage:
    automatically recognized as VHDL source files.  To add an extension
    \".xxx\", add the following line to your Emacs start-up file (`.emacs'):
-      \(push '(\"\\\\.xxx\\\\'\" . vhdl-mode) auto-mode-alist)
+      \(push \\='(\"\\\\.xxx\\\\\\='\" . vhdl-mode) auto-mode-alist)
  HINTS:
@@ -5714,7 +5714,7 @@ the offset is simply returned."
       (t nil)))))
 (defun vhdl-in-extended-identifier-p ()
-  "Determine if point is inside extended identifier (delimited by ‘\\’)."
+  "Determine if point is inside extended identifier (delimited by `\\')."
  (save-match-data
    (and (save-excursion (re-search-backward "\\\\" (vhdl-point 'bol) t))
         (save-excursion (re-search-forward "\\\\" (vhdl-point 'eol) t)))))
@@ -8743,7 +8743,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
              (vhdl-comment-insert)))))
    (self-insert-command count)))
-(defun vhdl-electric-open-bracket (count) "‘[’ --> ‘(’, ‘([’ --> ‘[’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-open-bracket (count) "`[' --> `(', `([' --> `['"
  (interactive "p")
  (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
      (if (= (preceding-char) ?\()
@@ -8751,7 +8751,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
        (insert-char ?\( 1))
    (self-insert-command count)))
-(defun vhdl-electric-close-bracket (count) "‘]’ --> ‘)’, ‘)]’ --> ‘]’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-close-bracket (count) "`]' --> `)', `)]' --> `]'"
  (interactive "p")
  (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
      (progn
@@ -8769,7 +8769,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
        (insert-char ?\' 1))
    (self-insert-command count)))
-(defun vhdl-electric-semicolon (count) "‘;;’ --> ‘ : ’, ‘: ;’ --> ‘ := ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-semicolon (count) "`;;' --> ` : ', `: ;' --> ` := '"
  (interactive "p")
  (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
      (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
@@ -8783,7 +8783,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
            (t (insert-char ?\; 1)))
    (self-insert-command count)))
-(defun vhdl-electric-comma (count) "‘,,’ --> ‘ <= ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-comma (count) "`,,' --> ` <= '"
  (interactive "p")
  (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
      (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
@@ -8793,7 +8793,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
            (t (insert-char ?\, 1)))
    (self-insert-command count)))
-(defun vhdl-electric-period (count) "‘..’ --> ‘ => ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-period (count) "`..' --> ` => '"
  (interactive "p")
  (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
      (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
@@ -8803,7 +8803,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
            (t (insert-char ?\. 1)))
    (self-insert-command count)))
-(defun vhdl-electric-equal (count) "‘==’ --> ‘ == ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-equal (count) "`==' --> ` == '"
  (interactive "p")
  (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
      (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/xref.el b/lisp/progmodes/xref.el
index b0a8eb7a316..7eff1f123b5 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/xref.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/xref.el
@@ -390,8 +390,8 @@ elements is negated."
  "Go to the location of ITEM and display the buffer.
 WINDOW controls how the buffer is displayed:
  nil      -- switch-to-buffer
-  'window  -- pop-to-buffer (other window)
+  `window' -- pop-to-buffer (other window)
-  'frame   -- pop-to-buffer (other frame)"
+  `frame'  -- pop-to-buffer (other frame)"
  (let* ((marker (save-excursion
                   (xref-location-marker (xref-item-location item))))
         (buf (marker-buffer marker)))