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diff --git a/etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL b/etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL
index ae4cfb93edc..b74d1421ee6 100644
--- a/etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL
+++ b/etc/tutorials/TUTORIAL
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ The characters ">>" at the left margin indicate directions for you to
16try using a command. For instance: 16try using a command. For instance:
17<<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>> 17<<Blank lines inserted around following line by help-with-tutorial>>
18[Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below] 18[Middle of page left blank for didactic purposes. Text continues below]
19>> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen. 19>> Now type C-v (View next screen) to move to the next screen.
20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v). 20 (go ahead, do it by holding down the CONTROL key while typing v).
21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish 21 From now on, you should do this again whenever you finish
22 reading the screen. 22 reading the screen.
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ to place in the text. You already know how to move forward one screen,
30with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key 30with C-v. To move backwards one screen, type M-v (hold down the META key
31and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key). 31and type v, or type <ESC>v if you do not have a META, EDIT, or ALT key).
32 32
33>> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times. 33>> Try typing M-v and then C-v, a few times.
34 34
35 35
36* SUMMARY 36* SUMMARY
@@ -209,29 +209,18 @@ prefix argument, regardless of its value, makes the command do
209something different. 209something different.
210 210
211C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument, 211C-v and M-v are another kind of exception. When given an argument,
212they scroll the screen up or down by that many lines, rather than by a 212they scroll the text up or down by that many lines, rather than by a
213screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls the screen by 8 lines. 213screenful. For example, C-u 8 C-v scrolls by 8 lines.
214 214
215>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now. 215>> Try typing C-u 8 C-v now.
216 216
217This should have scrolled the screen up by 8 lines. If you would like 217This should have scrolled the text up by 8 lines. If you would like
218to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v. 218to scroll it down again, you can give an argument to M-v.
219 219
220If you are using a windowed display, such as X or MS-Windows, there 220If you are using a graphical display, such as X or MS-Windows, there
221should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar on one side of 221should be a tall rectangular area called a scroll bar on one side of
222the Emacs window. (There are other tall rectangles on either side of 222the Emacs window. You can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in
223the Emacs display. These "fringes" are used for displaying 223the scroll bar.
224continuation characters and other symbols. The scroll bar appears on
225only one side, and is the outermost column on that side.)
226You can scroll the text by clicking the mouse in the scroll bar.
227
228>> Try pressing the middle button at the top of the highlighted area
229 within the scroll bar. This should scroll the text to a position
230 determined by how high or low you click.
231
232>> Try moving the mouse up and down, while holding the middle button
233 pressed down. You'll see that the text scrolls up and down as
234 you move the mouse.
235 224
236If your mouse has a wheel button, you can also use this to scroll. 225If your mouse has a wheel button, you can also use this to scroll.
237 226
@@ -247,8 +236,8 @@ You can also use C-g to discard a numeric argument or the beginning of
247a command that you do not want to finish. 236a command that you do not want to finish.
248 237
249>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric argument of 100, then type C-g. 238>> Type C-u 100 to make a numeric argument of 100, then type C-g.
250 Now type C-f. It should move just one character, 239 Now type C-f. It should move just one character, because you
251 because you canceled the argument with C-g. 240 canceled the argument with C-g.
252 241
253If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it with a C-g. 242If you have typed an <ESC> by mistake, you can get rid of it with a C-g.
254 243
@@ -274,9 +263,9 @@ disabled command, answer the question with "n".
274* WINDOWS 263* WINDOWS
275--------- 264---------
276 265
277Emacs can have several windows, each displaying its own text. We will 266Emacs can have several "windows", each displaying its own text. We
278explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want to 267will explain later on how to use multiple windows. Right now we want
279explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic 268to explain how to get rid of extra windows and go back to basic
280one-window editing. It is simple: 269one-window editing. It is simple:
281 270
282 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows). 271 C-x 1 One window (i.e., kill all other windows).
@@ -286,14 +275,12 @@ which contains the cursor, to occupy the full screen. It deletes all
286other windows. 275other windows.
287 276
288>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l. 277>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l.
289>> Type CONTROL-h k CONTROL-f. 278>> Type C-h k C-f.
290 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears 279 See how this window shrinks, while a new one appears
291 to display documentation on the CONTROL-f command. 280 to display documentation on the C-f command.
292 281
293>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear. 282>> Type C-x 1 and see the documentation listing window disappear.
294 283
295This command is unlike the other commands you have learned in that it
296consists of two characters. It starts with the character CONTROL-x.
297There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of 284There is a whole series of commands that start with CONTROL-x; many of
298them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things. 285them have to do with windows, files, buffers, and related things.
299These commands are two, three or four characters long. 286These commands are two, three or four characters long.
@@ -302,39 +289,36 @@ These commands are two, three or four characters long.
302* INSERTING AND DELETING 289* INSERTING AND DELETING
303------------------------ 290------------------------
304 291
305If you want to insert text, just type the text. Characters which you 292If you want to insert text, just type the text. Ordinary characters,
306can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Emacs as text and inserted 293like A, 7, *, etc., are inserted as you type them. To insert a
307immediately. Type <Return> (the carriage-return key) to insert a 294Newline character, type <Return> (this is the key on the keyboard
308Newline character. 295which is sometimes labeled "Enter").
309
310You can delete the last character you typed by typing <Delback>.
311<Delback> is a key on the keyboard--the same one you normally use,
312outside Emacs, for deleting the last character you typed. It is
313normally a large key a couple of lines up from the <Return> key, and
314it is usually labeled "Delete", "Del" or "Backspace".
315 296
316If the large key there is labeled "Backspace", then that's the one you 297To delete the character immediately before the current cursor
317use for <Delback>. There may also be another key labeled "Delete" 298position, type <DEL>. This is the key on the keyboard usually labeled
318somewhere else, but that's not <Delback>. 299"Backspace"--the same one you normally use, outside Emacs, to delete
300the last character typed.
319 301
320More generally, <Delback> deletes the character immediately before the 302There may also be another key on your keyboard labeled <Delete>, but
321current cursor position. 303that's not the one we refer to as <DEL>.
322 304
323>> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them 305>> Do this now--type a few characters, then delete them by
324 by typing <Delback> a few times. Don't worry about this file 306 typing <DEL> a few times. Don't worry about this file
325 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial. This is 307 being changed; you will not alter the master tutorial.
326 your personal copy of it. 308 This is your personal copy of it.
327 309
328When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line 310When a line of text gets too big for one line on the screen, the line
329of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. A backslash ("\") 311of text is "continued" onto a second screen line. If you're using a
330(or, if you're using a windowed display, a little curved arrow) at the 312graphical display, little curved arrows appear in the narrow spaces on
331right margin (actually, in the right "fringe") indicates a line which 313each side of the text area (the left and right "fringes"), to indicate
332has been continued. 314where a line has been continued. If you're using a text terminal, the
315continued line is indicated by a backslash ("\") on the rightmost
316screen column.
333 317
334>> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting. 318>> Insert text until you reach the right margin, and keep on inserting.
335 You'll see a continuation line appear. 319 You'll see a continuation line appear.
336 320
337>> Use <Delback>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen 321>> Use <DEL>s to delete the text until the line fits on one screen
338 line again. The continuation line goes away. 322 line again. The continuation line goes away.
339 323
340You can delete a Newline character just like any other character. 324You can delete a Newline character just like any other character.
@@ -342,7 +326,7 @@ Deleting the Newline character between two lines merges them into
342one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the 326one line. If the resulting combined line is too long to fit in the
343screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line. 327screen width, it will be displayed with a continuation line.
344 328
345>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <Delback>. This 329>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line and type <DEL>. This
346 merges that line with the previous line. 330 merges that line with the previous line.
347 331
348>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted. 332>> Type <Return> to reinsert the Newline you deleted.
@@ -351,30 +335,32 @@ Remember that most Emacs commands can be given a repeat count;
351this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts 335this includes text characters. Repeating a text character inserts
352it several times. 336it several times.
353 337
354>> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********. 338>> Try that now -- type C-u 8 * to insert ********.
355 339
356You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in 340You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in
357Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines 341Emacs and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines
358as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations: 342as well. Here is a summary of the delete operations:
359 343
360 <Delback> Delete the character just before the cursor 344 <DEL> Delete the character just before the cursor
361 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor 345 C-d Delete the next character after the cursor
362 346
363 M-<Delback> Kill the word immediately before the cursor 347 M-<DEL> Kill the word immediately before the cursor
364 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor 348 M-d Kill the next word after the cursor
365 349
366 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line 350 C-k Kill from the cursor position to end of line
367 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence 351 M-k Kill to the end of the current sentence
368 352
369Notice that <Delback> and C-d vs M-<Delback> and M-d extend the parallel 353Notice that <DEL> and C-d vs M-<DEL> and M-d extend the parallel
370started by C-f and M-f (well, <Delback> is not really a control 354started by C-f and M-f (well, <DEL> is not really a control character,
371character, but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e 355but let's not worry about that). C-k and M-k are like C-e and M-e,
372and M-e, sort of, in that lines are paired with sentences. 356sort of, in that lines are paired with sentences.
373 357
374You can also kill any part of the text with one uniform method. Move 358You can also kill a segment of text with one uniform method. Move to
375to one end of that part, and type C-@ or C-<SPC> (either one). (<SPC> 359one end of that part, and type C-<SPC>. (<SPC> is the Space bar.)
376is the Space bar.) Move to the other end of that part, and type C-w. 360Next, move the cursor to the other end of the text you intend to kill.
377That kills all the text between the two positions. 361As you do this, Emacs highlights the text between the cursor and the
362position where you typed C-<SPC>. Finally, type C-w. This kills all
363the text between the two positions.
378 364
379>> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph. 365>> Move the cursor to the Y at the start of the previous paragraph.
380>> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set" 366>> Type C-<SPC>. Emacs should display a message "Mark set"
@@ -391,10 +377,10 @@ Reinsertion of killed text is called "yanking". Generally, the
391commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they are set up so 377commands that can remove a lot of text kill the text (they are set up so
392that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one 378that you can yank the text), while the commands that remove just one
393character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you 379character, or only remove blank lines and spaces, do deletion (so you
394cannot yank that text). <Delback> and C-d do deletion in the simplest 380cannot yank that text). <DEL> and C-d do deletion in the simplest
395case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead. 381case, with no argument. When given an argument, they kill instead.
396 382
397>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty. 383>> Move the cursor to the beginning of a line which is not empty.
398 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line. 384 Then type C-k to kill the text on that line.
399>> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline 385>> Type C-k a second time. You'll see that it kills the Newline
400 which follows that line. 386 which follows that line.
@@ -405,13 +391,13 @@ treats a numeric argument specially: it kills that many lines AND
405their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two 391their contents. This is not mere repetition. C-u 2 C-k kills two
406lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that. 392lines and their newlines; typing C-k twice would not do that.
407 393
408Bringing back killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as 394Reinserting killed text is called "yanking". (Think of it as yanking
409yanking back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You 395back, or pulling back, some text that was taken away.) You can yank
410can yank the killed text either at the same place where it was killed, 396the killed text either at the same place where it was killed, or at
411or at some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a 397some other place in the text you are editing, or even in a different
412different file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes 398file. You can yank the same text several times; that makes multiple
413multiple copies of it. Some other editors call killing and yanking 399copies of it. Some other editors call killing and yanking "cutting"
414"cutting" and "pasting" (see the Glossary in the Emacs manual). 400and "pasting" (see the Glossary in the Emacs manual).
415 401
416The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text, 402The command for yanking is C-y. It reinserts the last killed text,
417at the current cursor position. 403at the current cursor position.
@@ -454,27 +440,25 @@ recent kill).
454------ 440------
455 441
456If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a 442If you make a change to the text, and then decide that it was a
457mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-x u. 443mistake, you can undo the change with the undo command, C-/.
458 444
459Normally, C-x u undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat 445Normally, C-/ undoes the changes made by one command; if you repeat
460the C-x u several times in a row, each repetition undoes one 446C-/ several times in a row, each repetition undoes one more command.
461additional command.
462 447
463But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text do 448But there are two exceptions: commands that do not change the text
464not count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling 449don't count (this includes cursor motion commands and scrolling
465commands), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups 450commands), and self-inserting characters are usually handled in groups
466of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-x u's you have to 451of up to 20. (This is to reduce the number of C-/'s you have to type
467type to undo insertion of text.) 452to undo insertion of text.)
468 453
469>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-x u and it should reappear. 454>> Kill this line with C-k, then type C-/ and it should reappear.
470 455
471C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works just the same as C-x u, 456C-_ is an alternative undo command; it works exactly the same as C-/.
472but it is easier to type several times in a row. The disadvantage of 457On some text terminals, typing C-/ actually sends C-_ to Emacs.
473C-_ is that on some keyboards it is not obvious how to type it. That 458Alternatively, C-x u also works exactly like C-/, but is a little less
474is why we provide C-x u as well. On some terminals, you can type C-_ 459convenient to type.
475by typing / while holding down CONTROL.
476 460
477A numeric argument to C-_ or C-x u acts as a repeat count. 461A numeric argument to C-/, C-_, or C-x u acts as a repeat count.
478 462
479You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text. 463You can undo deletion of text just as you can undo killing of text.
480The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects 464The distinction between killing something and deleting it affects
@@ -485,9 +469,9 @@ whether you can yank it with C-y; it makes no difference for undo.
485------- 469-------
486 470
487In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a 471In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a
488file. Otherwise, it will go away when your invocation of Emacs goes 472file. Otherwise, it will go away when you exit Emacs. In order to
489away. In order to put your text in a file, you must "find" the file 473put your text in a file, you must "find" the file before you enter the
490before you enter the text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.) 474text. (This is also called "visiting" the file.)
491 475
492Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within 476Finding a file means that you see the contents of the file within
493Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself. 477Emacs. In many ways, it is as if you were editing the file itself.
@@ -498,17 +482,16 @@ you save, Emacs leaves the original file under a changed name in case
498you later decide that your changes were a mistake. 482you later decide that your changes were a mistake.
499 483
500If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that 484If you look near the bottom of the screen you will see a line that
501begins with dashes, and starts with "--:--- TUTORIAL" or something 485begins with dashes, and starts with " -:--- TUTORIAL" or something
502like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name of the 486like that. This part of the screen normally shows the name of the
503file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting a file called 487file that you are visiting. Right now, you are visiting your personal
504"TUTORIAL" which is your personal scratch copy of the Emacs tutorial. 488copy of the Emacs tutorial, which is called "TUTORIAL". When you find
505When you find a file with Emacs, that file's name will appear in that 489a file with Emacs, that file's name will appear in that precise spot.
506precise spot.
507 490
508One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you 491One special thing about the command for finding a file is that you
509have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an 492have to say what file name you want. We say the command "reads an
510argument from the terminal" (in this case, the argument is the name of 493argument" (in this case, the argument is the name of the file). After
511the file). After you type the command 494you type the command
512 495
513 C-x C-f Find a file 496 C-x C-f Find a file
514 497
@@ -525,35 +508,32 @@ you can cancel the command with C-g.
525 minibuffer. So you do not find any file. 508 minibuffer. So you do not find any file.
526 509
527When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to 510When you have finished entering the file name, type <Return> to
528terminate it. The C-x C-f command goes to work, and finds the file 511terminate it. The minibuffer disappears, and the C-x C-f command goes
529you chose. The minibuffer disappears when the C-x C-f command is 512to work to find the file you chose.
530finished.
531 513
532In a little while the file contents appear on the screen, and you can 514The file contents now appear on the screen, and you can edit the
533edit the contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent, 515contents. When you wish to make your changes permanent, type the
534type the command 516command
535 517
536 C-x C-s Save the file 518 C-x C-s Save the file
537 519
538This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you 520This copies the text within Emacs into the file. The first time you
539do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is 521do this, Emacs renames the original file to a new name so that it is
540not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the 522not lost. The new name is made by adding "~" to the end of the
541original file's name. 523original file's name. When saving is finished, Emacs displays the
524name of the file written.
542 525
543When saving is finished, Emacs displays the name of the file written. 526>> Type C-x C-s TUTORIAL <Return>.
544You should save fairly often, so that you will not lose very much 527 This should save this tutorial to a file named TUTORIAL, and show
545work if the system should crash (see the section "Auto Save" below). 528 "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
546
547>> Type C-x C-s, saving your copy of the tutorial.
548 This should show "Wrote ...TUTORIAL" at the bottom of the screen.
549 529
550You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also 530You can find an existing file, to view it or edit it. You can also
551find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a 531find a file which does not already exist. This is the way to create a
552file with Emacs: find the file, which will start out empty, and then 532file with Emacs: find the file, which starts out empty, and then begin
553begin inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the 533inserting the text for the file. When you ask to "save" the file,
554file, Emacs will really create the file with the text that you have 534Emacs actually creates the file with the text that you have inserted.
555inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an 535From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already
556already existing file. 536existing file.
557 537
558 538
559* BUFFERS 539* BUFFERS
@@ -563,14 +543,9 @@ If you find a second file with C-x C-f, the first file remains
563inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with 543inside Emacs. You can switch back to it by finding it again with
564C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs. 544C-x C-f. This way you can get quite a number of files inside Emacs.
565 545
566>> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
567 Then insert some text, edit it, and save "foo" by typing C-x C-s.
568 Finally, type C-x C-f TUTORIAL <Return>
569 to come back to the tutorial.
570
571Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer". 546Emacs stores each file's text inside an object called a "buffer".
572Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the 547Finding a file makes a new buffer inside Emacs. To see a list of the
573buffers that currently exist in your Emacs job, type 548buffers that currently exist, type
574 549
575 C-x C-b List buffers 550 C-x C-b List buffers
576 551
@@ -589,22 +564,23 @@ that corresponds to a file, you can do it by visiting the file again
589with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command. 564with C-x C-f. But there is an easier way: use the C-x b command.
590In that command, you have to type the buffer's name. 565In that command, you have to type the buffer's name.
591 566
592>> Type C-x b foo <Return> to go back to the buffer "foo" which holds 567>> Create a file named "foo" by typing C-x C-f foo <Return>.
593 the text of the file "foo". Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> 568 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
594 to come back to this tutorial.
595 569
596Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name 570Most of the time, the buffer's name is the same as the file name
597(without the file directory part). However, this is not always true. 571(without the file directory part). However, this is not always true.
598The buffer list you make with C-x C-b always shows you the name of 572The buffer list you make with C-x C-b shows you both the buffer name
599every buffer. 573and the file name of every buffer.
574
575Some buffers do not correspond to files. The buffer named
576"*Buffer List*", which contains the buffer list that you made with
577C-x C-b, does not have any file. This TUTORIAL buffer initially did
578not have a file, but now it does, because in the previous section you
579typed C-x C-s and saved it to a file.
600 580
601ANY text you see in an Emacs window is always part of some buffer. 581The buffer named "*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file.
602Some buffers do not correspond to files. For example, the buffer 582This buffer contains the messages that have appeared on the bottom
603named "*Buffer List*" does not have any file. It is the buffer which 583line during your Emacs session.
604contains the buffer list that you made with C-x C-b. The buffer named
605"*Messages*" also does not correspond to any file; it contains the
606messages that have appeared on the bottom line during your Emacs
607session.
608 584
609>> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages. 585>> Type C-x b *Messages* <Return> to look at the buffer of messages.
610 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial. 586 Then type C-x b TUTORIAL <Return> to come back to this tutorial.
@@ -614,8 +590,8 @@ this does not save the first file. Its changes remain inside Emacs,
614in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's 590in that file's buffer. The creation or editing of the second file's
615buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful, 591buffer has no effect on the first file's buffer. This is very useful,
616but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first 592but it also means that you need a convenient way to save the first
617file's buffer. It would be a nuisance to have to switch back to 593file's buffer. Having to switch back to that buffer, in order to save
618it with C-x C-f in order to save it with C-x C-s. So we have 594it with C-x C-s, would be a nuisance. So we have
619 595
620 C-x s Save some buffers 596 C-x s Save some buffers
621 597
@@ -646,23 +622,21 @@ session--this is the command C-x C-c. (Do not worry about losing
646changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before 622changes you have made; C-x C-c offers to save each changed file before
647it kills Emacs.) 623it kills Emacs.)
648 624
649If you are using a graphical display that supports multiple 625If you are using a graphical display, you don't need any special
650applications in parallel, you don't need any special command to move 626command to move from Emacs to another application. You can do this
651from Emacs to another application. You can do this with the mouse or 627with the mouse or with window manager commands. However, if you're
652with window manager commands. However, if you're using a text 628using a text terminal which can only show one application at a time,
653terminal which can only show one application at a time, you need to 629you need to "suspend" Emacs to move to any other application.
654"suspend" Emacs to move to any other program.
655 630
656C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go 631C-z is the command to exit Emacs *temporarily*--so that you can go
657back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a 632back to the same Emacs session afterward. When Emacs is running on a
658text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell 633text terminal, C-z "suspends" Emacs; that is, it returns to the shell
659but does not destroy the Emacs. In the most common shells, you can 634but does not destroy the Emacs job. In the most common shells, you
660resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'. 635can resume Emacs with the `fg' command or with `%emacs'.
661 636
662The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also 637The time to use C-x C-c is when you are about to log out. It's also
663the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked under mail handling 638the right thing to use to exit an Emacs invoked for a quick edit, such
664programs and other miscellaneous utilities, since they may not know 639as by a mail handling utility.
665how to cope with suspension of Emacs.
666 640
667There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned: 641There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
668 642
@@ -677,13 +651,13 @@ There are many C-x commands. Here is a list of the ones you have learned:
677 651
678Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less 652Named eXtended commands are commands which are used even less
679frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An 653frequently, or commands which are used only in certain modes. An
680example is the command replace-string, which globally replaces one 654example is the command replace-string, which replaces one string with
681string with another. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the 655another in the buffer. When you type M-x, Emacs prompts you at the
682bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the 656bottom of the screen with M-x and you should type the name of the
683command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and 657command; in this case, "replace-string". Just type "repl s<TAB>" and
684Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found 658Emacs will complete the name. (<TAB> is the Tab key, usually found
685above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.) 659above the CapsLock or Shift key near the left edge of the keyboard.)
686End the command name with <Return>. 660Submit the command name with <Return>.
687 661
688The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be 662The replace-string command requires two arguments--the string to be
689replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each 663replaced, and the string to replace it with. You must end each
@@ -692,9 +666,9 @@ argument with <Return>.
692>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one. 666>> Move the cursor to the blank line two lines below this one.
693 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>. 667 Then type M-x repl s<Return>changed<Return>altered<Return>.
694 668
695 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced 669 Notice how this line has changed: you've replaced the word
696 the word c-h-a-n-g-e-d with "altered" wherever it occurred, 670 "changed" with "altered" wherever it occurred, after the
697 after the initial position of the cursor. 671 initial position of the cursor.
698 672
699 673
700* AUTO SAVE 674* AUTO SAVE
@@ -729,18 +703,18 @@ shows them to you at the bottom of the screen in an area called the
729The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line". 703The line immediately above the echo area is called the "mode line".
730The mode line says something like this: 704The mode line says something like this:
731 705
732--:**- TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)----------------------- 706 -:**- TUTORIAL 63% L749 (Fundamental)
733 707
734This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and 708This line gives useful information about the status of Emacs and
735the text you are editing. 709the text you are editing.
736 710
737You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have 711You already know what the filename means--it is the file you have
738found. NN% indicates your current position in the text; it means that 712found. NN% indicates your current position in the buffer text; it
739NN percent of the text is above the top of the screen. If the top of 713means that NN percent of the buffer is above the top of the screen.
740the file is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead of " 0%". If the 714If the top of the buffer is on the screen, it will say "Top" instead
741bottom of the text is on the screen, it will say "Bot". If you are 715of " 0%". If the bottom of the buffer is on the screen, it will say
742looking at text so small that all of it fits on the screen, the mode 716"Bot". If you are looking at a buffer so small that all of it fits on
743line says "All". 717the screen, the mode line says "All".
744 718
745The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the 719The L and digits indicate position in another way: they give the
746current line number of point. 720current line number of point.
@@ -783,7 +757,8 @@ differently.
783 757
784To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m. 758To view documentation on your current major mode, type C-h m.
785 759
786>> Use C-u C-v once or more to bring this line near the top of screen. 760>> Move the cursor to the line following this line.
761>> Type C-l C-l to bring this line to the top of screen.
787>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode. 762>> Type C-h m, to see how Text mode differs from Fundamental mode.
788>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen. 763>> Type C-x 1 to remove the documentation from the screen.
789 764
@@ -829,10 +804,10 @@ that paragraph.
829* SEARCHING 804* SEARCHING
830----------- 805-----------
831 806
832Emacs can do searches for strings (these are groups of contiguous 807Emacs can do searches for strings (a "string" is a group of contiguous
833characters or words) either forward through the text or backward 808characters) either forward through the text or backward through it.
834through it. Searching for a string is a cursor motion command; 809Searching for a string is a cursor motion command; it moves the cursor
835it moves the cursor to the next place where that string appears. 810to the next place where that string appears.
836 811
837The Emacs search command is "incremental". This means that the 812The Emacs search command is "incremental". This means that the
838search happens while you type in the string to search for. 813search happens while you type in the string to search for.
@@ -850,7 +825,7 @@ you want to search for. <Return> terminates a search.
850 character to notice what happens to the cursor. 825 character to notice what happens to the cursor.
851 Now you have searched for "cursor", once. 826 Now you have searched for "cursor", once.
852>> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor". 827>> Type C-s again, to search for the next occurrence of "cursor".
853>> Now type <Delback> four times and see how the cursor moves. 828>> Now type <DEL> four times and see how the cursor moves.
854>> Type <Return> to terminate the search. 829>> Type <Return> to terminate the search.
855 830
856Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to 831Did you see what happened? Emacs, in an incremental search, tries to
@@ -859,27 +834,23 @@ go to the next occurrence of 'cursor' just type C-s again. If no such
859occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently 834occurrence exists, Emacs beeps and tells you the search is currently
860"failing". C-g would also terminate the search. 835"failing". C-g would also terminate the search.
861 836
862(Note that on some systems, typing C-s will freeze the screen and you 837If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <DEL>, the
863will see no further output from Emacs. This indicates that an 838search "retreats" to an earlier location. If you type <DEL> just
864operating system "feature" called "flow control" is intercepting the 839after you had typed C-s to advance to the next occurrence of a search
865C-s and not letting it get through to Emacs. To unfreeze the screen, 840string, the <DEL> moves the cursor back to an earlier occurrence. If
866type C-q.) 841there are no earlier occurrences, the <DEL> erases the last character
867 842in the search string. For instance, suppose you have typed "c", to
868If you are in the middle of an incremental search and type <Delback>, 843search for the first occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the
869you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased 844cursor will move to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <DEL>.
870and the search backs up to the last place of the search. For 845This erases the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back
871instance, suppose you have typed "c", to search for the first 846to the first occurrence of "c".
872occurrence of "c". Now if you type "u", the cursor will move
873to the first occurrence of "cu". Now type <Delback>. This erases
874the "u" from the search string, and the cursor moves back to
875the first occurrence of "c".
876 847
877If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta 848If you are in the middle of a search and type a control or meta
878character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in 849character (with a few exceptions--characters that are special in a
879a search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated. 850search, such as C-s and C-r), the search is terminated.
880 851
881The C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search 852C-s starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search string
882string AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for 853AFTER the current cursor position. If you want to search for
883something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we 854something earlier in the text, type C-r instead. Everything that we
884have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of 855have said about C-s also applies to C-r, except that the direction of
885the search is reversed. 856the search is reversed.
@@ -888,17 +859,17 @@ the search is reversed.
888* MULTIPLE WINDOWS 859* MULTIPLE WINDOWS
889------------------ 860------------------
890 861
891One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than one 862One of the nice features of Emacs is that you can display more than
892window on the screen at the same time. (Note that Emacs uses the term 863one window on the screen at the same time. (Note that Emacs uses the
893"frames"--described in the next section--for what some other 864term "frames"--described in the next section--for what some other
894applications call "windows". The Emacs manual contains a Glossary of 865applications call "windows". The Emacs manual contains a Glossary of
895Emacs terms.) 866Emacs terms.)
896 867
897>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-u 0 C-l (that's CONTROL-L, not 868>> Move the cursor to this line and type C-l C-l.
898 CONTROL-1).
899 869
900>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows. 870>> Now type C-x 2 which splits the screen into two windows.
901 Both windows display this tutorial. The cursor stays in the top window. 871 Both windows display this tutorial. The editing cursor stays in
872 the top window.
902 873
903>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window. 874>> Type C-M-v to scroll the bottom window.
904 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.) 875 (If you do not have a real META key, type <ESC> C-v.)
@@ -910,23 +881,25 @@ Emacs terms.)
910>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window. 881>> Type C-x o again to move the cursor back to the top window.
911 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before. 882 The cursor in the top window is just where it was before.
912 883
913You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. Each 884You can keep using C-x o to switch between the windows. The "selected
914window has its own cursor position, but only one window actually 885window", where most editing takes place, is the one with a prominent
915shows the cursor. All the ordinary editing commands apply to the 886cursor which blinks when you are not typing. The other windows have
916window that the cursor is in. We call this the "selected window". 887their own cursor positions; if you are running Emacs in a graphical
888display, those cursors are drawn as unblinking hollow boxes.
917 889
918The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one 890The command C-M-v is very useful when you are editing text in one
919window and using the other window just for reference. You can keep 891window and using the other window just for reference. Without leaving
920the cursor always in the window where you are editing, and advance 892the selected window, you can scroll the text in the other window with
921through the other window sequentially with C-M-v. 893C-M-v.
922 894
923C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a real 895C-M-v is an example of a CONTROL-META character. If you have a META
924META key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META while 896(or Alt) key, you can type C-M-v by holding down both CONTROL and META
925typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes first," 897while typing v. It does not matter whether CONTROL or META "comes
926because both of these keys act by modifying the characters you type. 898first," as both of these keys act by modifying the characters you
927 899type.
928If you do not have a real META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the 900
929order does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because 901If you do not have a META key, and you use <ESC> instead, the order
902does matter: you must type <ESC> followed by CONTROL-v, because
930CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character 903CONTROL-<ESC> v will not work. This is because <ESC> is a character
931in its own right, not a modifier key. 904in its own right, not a modifier key.
932 905
@@ -953,10 +926,12 @@ Here is another way to use two windows to display two different things:
953* MULTIPLE FRAMES 926* MULTIPLE FRAMES
954------------------ 927------------------
955 928
956Emacs can also create multiple "frames" (unless you are using a 929Emacs can also create multiple "frames". A frame is what we call one
957text-only terminal). A frame is what we call one collection of 930collection of windows, together with its menus, scroll bars, echo
958windows, together with its menus, scroll bars, echo area, etc. 931area, etc. On graphical displays, what Emacs calls a "frame" is what
959(Some other applications call a frame a "window".) 932most other applications call a "window". Multiple graphical frames
933can be shown on the screen at the same time. On a text terminal, only
934one frame can be shown at a time.
960 935
961>> Type M-x make-frame <Return>. 936>> Type M-x make-frame <Return>.
962 See a new frame appear on your screen. 937 See a new frame appear on your screen.
@@ -967,10 +942,10 @@ There is nothing special about the first frame.
967>> Type M-x delete-frame <Return>. 942>> Type M-x delete-frame <Return>.
968 This removes the selected frame. 943 This removes the selected frame.
969 944
970You can also remove a frame by using the normal method provided by 945You can also remove a frame by using the normal method provided by the
971your window manager (often clicking a button with an "X" at a top 946graphical system (often clicking a button with an "X" at a top corner
972corner of the frame). No information is lost when you close a frame 947of the frame). If you remove the Emacs job's last frame this way,
973(or window), it is simply removed from sight and can be restored later. 948that exits Emacs.
974 949
975 950
976* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS 951* RECURSIVE EDITING LEVELS
@@ -1035,11 +1010,11 @@ To get more information about a command, use C-h k instead of C-h c.
1035 1010
1036>> Type C-h k C-p. 1011>> Type C-h k C-p.
1037 1012
1038This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its 1013This displays the documentation of the function, as well as its name,
1039name, in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the 1014in an Emacs window. When you are finished reading the output, type
1040output, type C-x 1 to get rid of the help text. You do not have 1015C-x 1 to get rid of that window. You do not have to do this right
1041to do this right away. You can do some editing while referring 1016away. You can do some editing while referring to the help text, and
1042to the help text, and then type C-x 1. 1017then type C-x 1.
1043 1018
1044Here are some other useful C-h options: 1019Here are some other useful C-h options:
1045 1020
@@ -1063,8 +1038,8 @@ You need to type in the name of the variable when Emacs prompts for it.
1063>> Type C-h a file <Return>. 1038>> Type C-h a file <Return>.
1064 1039
1065This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file" 1040This displays in another window a list of all M-x commands with "file"
1066in their names. You will see character-commands like C-x C-f listed 1041in their names. You will see character-commands listed beside the
1067beside the corresponding command names such as find-file. 1042corresponding command names (such as C-x C-f beside find-file).
1068 1043
1069>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times. 1044>> Type C-M-v to scroll the help window. Do this a few times.
1070 1045
@@ -1121,7 +1096,7 @@ starting with the one written by Stuart Cracraft for the original Emacs.
1121This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted 1096This version of the tutorial is a part of GNU Emacs. It is copyrighted
1122and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions: 1097and comes with permission to distribute copies on certain conditions:
1123 1098
1124 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001-2011 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 1099 Copyright (C) 1985, 1996, 1998, 2001-2012 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
1125 1100
1126 This file is part of GNU Emacs. 1101 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
1127 1102