17 files changed, 95 insertions, 94 deletions

diff --git a/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi b/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi
index 4406958daa0..a27a969f91b 100644
--- a/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi
+++ b/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi
@@ -3862,10 +3862,10 @@ tiger!} will be printed; otherwise, @code{nil} will be returned.
 @group
 (defun type-of-animal (characteristic)
   "Print message in echo area depending on CHARACTERISTIC.
-If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol `fierce',
+If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol ‘fierce’,
 then warn of a tiger."
   (if (equal characteristic 'fierce)
-      (message "It's a tiger!")))
+      (message "It’s a tiger!")))
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -3887,7 +3887,7 @@ can evaluate the following two expressions to see the results:
 @c Following sentences rewritten to prevent overfull hbox.
 @noindent
 When you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'fierce)}, you will see the
-following message printed in the echo area: @code{"It's a tiger!"}; and
+following message printed in the echo area: @code{"It’s a tiger!"}; and
 when you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'zebra)} you will see @code{nil}
 printed in the echo area.
 
@@ -3918,7 +3918,7 @@ The parts of the function that match this template look like this:
 @group
 (defun type-of-animal (characteristic)
   "Print message in echo area depending on CHARACTERISTIC.
-If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol `fierce',
+If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol ‘fierce’,
 then warn of a tiger."
   @var{body: the} @code{if} @var{expression})
 @end group
@@ -3948,7 +3948,7 @@ looks like this:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (if (equal characteristic 'fierce)
-    (message "It's a tiger!")))
+    (message "It’s a tiger!")))
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -3971,7 +3971,7 @@ In the first exercise of @code{type-of-animal}, the argument
 is equal to @code{fierce}, the expression, @code{(equal characteristic
 'fierce)}, returns a value of true.  When this happens, the @code{if}
 evaluates the second argument or then-part of the @code{if}:
-@code{(message "It's tiger!")}.
+@code{(message "It’s a tiger!")}.
 
 On the other hand, in the second exercise of @code{type-of-animal}, the
 argument @code{zebra} is passed to @code{type-of-animal}.  @code{zebra}
@@ -4034,12 +4034,11 @@ arguments to the function.
 @group
 (defun type-of-animal (characteristic)  ; @r{Second version.}
   "Print message in echo area depending on CHARACTERISTIC.
-If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol `fierce',
-then warn of a tiger;
-else say it's not fierce."
+If the CHARACTERISTIC is the symbol ‘fierce’,
+then warn of a tiger; else say it’s not fierce."
   (if (equal characteristic 'fierce)
-      (message "It's a tiger!")
-    (message "It's not fierce!")))
+      (message "It’s a tiger!")
+    (message "It’s not fierce!")))
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 @sp 1
@@ -4056,12 +4055,12 @@ else say it's not fierce."
 @c Following sentence rewritten to prevent overfull hbox.
 @noindent
 When you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'fierce)}, you will see the
-following message printed in the echo area: @code{"It's a tiger!"}; but
+following message printed in the echo area: @code{"It’s a tiger!"}; but
 when you evaluate @code{(type-of-animal 'zebra)}, you will see
-@code{"It's not fierce!"}.
+@code{"It’s not fierce!"}.
 
 (Of course, if the @var{characteristic} were @code{ferocious}, the
-message @code{"It's not fierce!"} would be printed; and it would be
+message @code{"It’s not fierce!"} would be printed; and it would be
 misleading!  When you write code, you need to take into account the
 possibility that some such argument will be tested by the @code{if}
 and write your program accordingly.)
@@ -4938,6 +4937,8 @@ result of this, point is placed at the beginning of the buffer and mark
 is set at the end of the buffer.  The whole buffer is, therefore, the
 region.
 
+@c FIXME: the definition of append-to-buffer has been changed (in
+@c 2010-03-30).
 @node append-to-buffer
 @section The Definition of @code{append-to-buffer}
 @findex append-to-buffer
@@ -6347,7 +6348,7 @@ With arg N, put point N/10 of the way
 from the true beginning.
 @end group
 @group
-Don't use this in Lisp programs!
+Don’t use this in Lisp programs!
 \(goto-char (point-min)) is faster
 and does not set the mark."
   (interactive "P")
@@ -7603,8 +7604,8 @@ Here is the complete text of the version 22 implementation of the function:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun zap-to-char (arg char)
-  "Kill up to and including ARG'th occurrence of CHAR.
-Case is ignored if `case-fold-search' is non-nil in the current buffer.
+  "Kill up to and including ARG’th occurrence of CHAR.
+Case is ignored if ‘case-fold-search’ is non-nil in the current buffer.
 Goes backward if ARG is negative; error if CHAR not found."
   (interactive "p\ncZap to char: ")
   (if (char-table-p translation-table-for-input)
@@ -7862,7 +7863,7 @@ to make one entry in the kill ring.
 
 In Lisp code, optional third arg YANK-HANDLER, if non-nil,
 specifies the yank-handler text property to be set on the killed
-text.  See `insert-for-yank'."
+text.  See ‘insert-for-yank’."
   ;; Pass point first, then mark, because the order matters
   ;; when calling kill-append.
   (interactive (list (point) (mark)))
@@ -8290,9 +8291,9 @@ function:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun copy-region-as-kill (beg end)
-  "Save the region as if killed, but don't kill it.
+  "Save the region as if killed, but don’t kill it.
 In Transient Mark mode, deactivate the mark.
-If `interprogram-cut-function' is non-nil, also save the text for a window
+If ‘interprogram-cut-function’ is non-nil, also save the text for a window
 system cut and paste."
   (interactive "r")
 @end group
@@ -8591,9 +8592,9 @@ The @code{kill-new} function looks like this:
 @group
 (defun kill-new (string &optional replace yank-handler)
   "Make STRING the latest kill in the kill ring.
-Set `kill-ring-yank-pointer' to point to it.
+Set ‘kill-ring-yank-pointer’ to point to it.
 
-If `interprogram-cut-function' is non-nil, apply it to STRING.
+If `interprogram-cut-function’ is non-nil, apply it to STRING.
 Optional second argument REPLACE non-nil means that STRING will replace
 the front of the kill ring, rather than being added to the list.
 @dots{}"
@@ -9266,7 +9267,7 @@ documentation string.  For example:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defvar shell-command-default-error-buffer nil
-  "*Buffer name for `shell-command' @dots{} error output.
+  "*Buffer name for ‘shell-command’ @dots{} error output.
 @dots{} ")
 @end group
 @end smallexample
@@ -10088,10 +10089,10 @@ With argument, rotate that many kills forward (or backward, if negative)."
 
 (defun current-kill (n &optional do-not-move)
   "Rotate the yanking point by N places, and then return that kill.
-If N is zero, `interprogram-paste-function' is set, and calling it
+If N is zero, ‘interprogram-paste-function’ is set, and calling it
 returns a string, then that string is added to the front of the
 kill ring and returned as the latest kill.
-If optional arg DO-NOT-MOVE is non-nil, then don't actually move the
+If optional arg DO-NOT-MOVE is non-nil, then don’t actually move the
 yanking point; just return the Nth kill forward."
   (let ((interprogram-paste (and (= n 0)
                                  interprogram-paste-function
@@ -11105,7 +11106,7 @@ up the number of pebbles in a triangle.
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun triangle-using-dotimes (number-of-rows)
-  "Using dotimes, add up the number of pebbles in a triangle."
+  "Using ‘dotimes’, add up the number of pebbles in a triangle."
 (let ((total 0))  ; otherwise a total is a void variable
   (dotimes (number number-of-rows total)
     (setq total (+ total (1+ number))))))
@@ -11950,7 +11951,7 @@ duo that uses recursion."
 @group
 (defun triangle-recursive-helper (sum counter number)
   "Return SUM, using COUNTER, through NUMBER inclusive.
-This is the `helper' component of a two function duo
+This is the “helper” component of a two function duo
 that uses recursion."
   (if (> counter number)
       sum
@@ -12426,10 +12427,10 @@ Here is the code for @code{forward-sentence}:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun forward-sentence (&optional arg)
-  "Move forward to next `sentence-end'.  With argument, repeat.
-With negative argument, move backward repeatedly to `sentence-beginning'.
+  "Move forward to next ‘sentence-end’.  With argument, repeat.
+With negative argument, move backward repeatedly to ‘sentence-beginning’.
 
-The variable `sentence-end' is a regular expression that matches ends of
+The variable ‘sentence-end’ is a regular expression that matches ends of
 sentences.  Also, every paragraph boundary terminates sentences as well."
 @end group
 @group
@@ -12920,6 +12921,7 @@ The next line of the @code{forward-paragraph} function begins a
 @code{let*} expression.  This is a different than @code{let}.  The
 symbol is @code{let*} not @code{let}.
 
+@findex let*
 The @code{let*} special form is like @code{let} except that Emacs sets
 each variable in sequence, one after another, and variables in the
 latter part of the varlist can make use of the values to which Emacs
@@ -13512,8 +13514,8 @@ For example:
 @group
 (let* ((foo 7)
       (bar (* 3 foo)))
-  (message "'bar' is %d." bar))
-     @result{} 'bar' is 21.
+  (message "‘bar’ is %d." bar))
+     @result{} ‘bar’ is 21.
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -13755,7 +13757,7 @@ All this leads to the following function definition:
   "Print number of words in the region.
 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent
 character followed by at least one character that
-is not a word-constituent.  The buffer's syntax
+is not a word-constituent.  The buffer’s syntax
 table determines which characters these are."
   (interactive "r")
   (message "Counting words in region ... ")
@@ -13822,7 +13824,7 @@ parenthesis and type @kbd{C-x C-e} to install it.
 (defun @value{COUNT-WORDS} (beginning end)
   "Print number of words in the region.
 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent character followed
-by at least one character that is not a word-constituent.  The buffer's
+by at least one character that is not a word-constituent.  The buffer’s
 syntax table determines which characters these are."
 @end group
 @group
@@ -14984,13 +14986,13 @@ beginning of the file.  The function definition looks like this:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun lengths-list-file (filename)
-  "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE.
+  "Return list of definitions’ lengths within FILE.
 The returned list is a list of numbers.
 Each number is the number of words or
 symbols in one function definition."
 @end group
 @group
-  (message "Working on '%s' ... " filename)
+  (message "Working on ‘%s’ ... " filename)
   (save-excursion
     (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
           (lengths-list))
@@ -15756,7 +15758,7 @@ simpler to write a list manually.  Here it is:
   160 170 180 190 200
   210 220 230 240 250
   260 270 280 290 300)
- "List specifying ranges for `defuns-per-range'.")
+ "List specifying ranges for ‘defuns-per-range’.")
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -17519,7 +17521,7 @@ Incidentally, @code{load-library} is an interactive interface to the
 @group
 (defun load-library (library)
   "Load the library named LIBRARY.
-This is an interface to the function `load'."
+This is an interface to the function ‘load’."
   (interactive
    (list (completing-read "Load library: "
                           (apply-partially 'locate-file-completion-table
@@ -19003,12 +19005,12 @@ The @code{current-kill} function is used by @code{yank} and by
 @group
 (defun current-kill (n &optional do-not-move)
   "Rotate the yanking point by N places, and then return that kill.
-If N is zero, `interprogram-paste-function' is set, and calling it
+If N is zero, ‘interprogram-paste-function’ is set, and calling it
 returns a string, then that string is added to the front of the
 kill ring and returned as the latest kill.
 @end group
 @group
-If optional arg DO-NOT-MOVE is non-nil, then don't actually move the
+If optional arg DO-NOT-MOVE is non-nil, then don’t actually move the
 yanking point; just return the Nth kill forward."
   (let ((interprogram-paste (and (= n 0)
                                  interprogram-paste-function
@@ -19347,8 +19349,8 @@ beginning (and mark at end).  With argument N, reinsert the Nth most
 recently killed stretch of killed text.
 
 When this command inserts killed text into the buffer, it honors
-`yank-excluded-properties' and `yank-handler' as described in the
-doc string for `insert-for-yank-1', which see.
+‘yank-excluded-properties’ and ‘yank-handler’ as described in the
+doc string for ‘insert-for-yank-1’, which see.
 
 See also the command \\[yank-pop]."
 @end group
@@ -19922,7 +19924,7 @@ row, and the value of the width of the top line, which is calculated
 @group
 (defun Y-axis-element (number full-Y-label-width)
   "Construct a NUMBERed label element.
-A numbered element looks like this '  5 - ',
+A numbered element looks like this ‘  5 - ’,
 and is padded as needed so all line up with
 the element for the largest number."
 @end group
@@ -20023,7 +20025,7 @@ the @code{print-Y-axis} function, which inserts the list as a column.
 Height must be the maximum height of the graph.
 Full width is the width of the highest label element."
 ;; Value of height and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by 'print-graph'.
+;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
 @end group
 @group
   (let ((start (point)))
@@ -21148,7 +21150,7 @@ each column."
 @end group
 @group
 ;; Value of symbol-width and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by 'print-graph'.
+;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
   (let* ((leading-spaces
           (make-string full-Y-label-width ? ))
        ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print
@@ -21248,7 +21250,7 @@ Here are all the graphing definitions in their final form:
   110 120 130 140 150
   160 170 180 190 200
   210 220 230 240 250)
- "List specifying ranges for `defuns-per-range'.")
+ "List specifying ranges for ‘defuns-per-range’.")
 @end group
 
 @group
@@ -21309,14 +21311,14 @@ as graph-symbol.")
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun lengths-list-file (filename)
-  "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE.
+  "Return list of definitions’ lengths within FILE.
 The returned list is a list of numbers.
 Each number is the number of words or
 symbols in one function definition."
 @end group
 
 @group
-  (message "Working on '%s' ... " filename)
+  (message "Working on ‘%s’ ... " filename)
   (save-excursion
     (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
           (lengths-list))
@@ -21446,7 +21448,7 @@ The strings are either graph-blank or graph-symbol."
 @group
 (defun Y-axis-element (number full-Y-label-width)
   "Construct a NUMBERed label element.
-A numbered element looks like this '  5 - ',
+A numbered element looks like this ‘  5 - ’,
 and is padded as needed so all line up with
 the element for the largest number."
 @end group
@@ -21476,7 +21478,7 @@ Optionally, print according to VERTICAL-STEP."
 @end group
 @group
 ;; Value of height and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by 'print-graph'.
+;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
   (let ((start (point)))
     (insert-rectangle
      (Y-axis-column height full-Y-label-width vertical-step))
@@ -21641,7 +21643,7 @@ each column."
 @end group
 @group
 ;; Value of symbol-width and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by 'print-graph'.
+;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
   (let* ((leading-spaces
           (make-string full-Y-label-width ? ))
        ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print
diff --git a/doc/lispref/control.texi b/doc/lispref/control.texi
index 421f5cc530f..29d1bd588e3 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/control.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/control.texi
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ between a few different constant values:
 @example
 (pcase (get-return-code x)
   (`success       (message "Done!"))
-  (`would-block   (message "Sorry, can't do it now"))
+  (`would-block   (message "Sorry, can’t do it now"))
   (`read-only     (message "The shmliblick is read-only"))
   (`access-denied (message "You do not have the needed rights"))
   (code           (message "Unknown return code %S" code)))
diff --git a/doc/lispref/display.texi b/doc/lispref/display.texi
index 36404f4dff9..9d82edc9a98 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/display.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/display.texi
@@ -632,13 +632,13 @@ for logging the warning.  By default, it is @file{*Warnings*}.
 @end defun
 
 @defun lwarn type level message &rest args
-This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format
+This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format-message
 @var{message} @var{args}...)} as the message in the @file{*Warnings*}
 buffer.  In other respects it is equivalent to @code{display-warning}.
 @end defun
 
 @defun warn message &rest args
-This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format
+This function reports a warning using the value of @code{(format-message
 @var{message} @var{args}...)} as the message, @code{(emacs)} as the
 type, and @code{:warning} as the severity level.  It exists for
 compatibility only; we recommend not using it, because you should
diff --git a/doc/lispref/functions.texi b/doc/lispref/functions.texi
index a853d2fbab5..20eaf5dee1e 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/functions.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/functions.texi
@@ -1561,7 +1561,7 @@ Around advice such as:
 
 @example
 (defadvice foo (around foo-around)
-  "Ignore case in `foo'."
+  "Ignore case in ‘foo’."
   (let ((case-fold-search t))
     ad-do-it))
 (ad-activate 'foo)
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ could translate into:
 
 @example
 (defun foo--foo-around (orig-fun &rest args)
-  "Ignore case in `foo'."
+  "Ignore case in ‘foo’."
   (let ((case-fold-search t))
     (apply orig-fun args)))
 (advice-add 'foo :around #'foo--foo-around)
diff --git a/doc/lispref/modes.texi b/doc/lispref/modes.texi
index a8b6bb19c5f..f00e481275f 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/modes.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/modes.texi
@@ -1155,9 +1155,9 @@ Many other modes, such as `mail-mode', `outline-mode' and
   "Major mode for editing text written for humans to read.
 In this mode, paragraphs are delimited only by blank or white lines.
 You can thus get the full benefit of adaptive filling
- (see the variable `adaptive-fill-mode').
+ (see the variable ‘adaptive-fill-mode’).
 \\@{text-mode-map@}
-Turning on Text mode runs the normal hook `text-mode-hook'."
+Turning on Text mode runs the normal hook ‘text-mode-hook’."
 @end group
 @group
   (set (make-local-variable 'text-mode-variant) t)
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ And here is the code to set up the keymap for Lisp mode:
     @dots{}
     map)
   "Keymap for ordinary Lisp mode.
-All commands in `lisp-mode-shared-map' are inherited by this map.")
+All commands in ‘lisp-mode-shared-map’ are inherited by this map.")
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -1268,12 +1268,12 @@ Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back.
 Blank lines separate paragraphs.  Semicolons start comments.
 
 \\@{lisp-mode-map@}
-Note that `run-lisp' may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job
+Note that ‘run-lisp’ may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job
 or to switch back to an existing one.
 @end group
 
 @group
-Entry to this mode calls the value of `lisp-mode-hook'
+Entry to this mode calls the value of ‘lisp-mode-hook’
 if that value is non-nil."
   (lisp-mode-variables nil t)
   (set (make-local-variable 'find-tag-default-function)
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ will load the library that defines the mode.  For example:
 (defcustom msb-mode nil
   "Toggle msb-mode.
 Setting this variable directly does not take effect;
-use either \\[customize] or the function `msb-mode'."
+use either \\[customize] or the function ‘msb-mode’."
   :set 'custom-set-minor-mode
   :initialize 'custom-initialize-default
   :version "20.4"
@@ -1605,7 +1605,7 @@ for this macro.
 Interactively with no argument, this command toggles the mode.
 A positive prefix argument enables the mode, any other prefix
 argument disables it.  From Lisp, argument omitted or nil enables
-the mode, `toggle' toggles the state.
+the mode, ‘toggle’ toggles the state.
 
 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key
 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last.
diff --git a/doc/lispref/os.texi b/doc/lispref/os.texi
index 4b5a1b4a6ff..64ebb45f23b 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/os.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/os.texi
@@ -1927,7 +1927,7 @@ idleness.  Here's an example:
 
 @example
 (defvar my-resume-timer nil
-  "Timer for `my-timer-function' to reschedule itself, or nil.")
+  "Timer for ‘my-timer-function’ to reschedule itself, or nil.")
 
 (defun my-timer-function ()
   ;; @r{If the user types a command while @code{my-resume-timer}}
diff --git a/doc/lispref/sequences.texi b/doc/lispref/sequences.texi
index eb152283fbb..12ed881dadb 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/sequences.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/sequences.texi
@@ -833,10 +833,9 @@ vector or string (@pxref{Iteration} for more information about the
 
 @defmac seq-let arguments sequence body@dots{}
 @cindex sequence destructuring
-  This macro binds the variables in defined in the sequence
-@var{arguments} to the elements of the sequence @var{sequence}.
-@var{arguments} can itself include sequences allowing for nested
-destructuring.
+  This macro binds the variables defined in @var{arguments} to the
+elements of the sequence @var{sequence}.  @var{arguments} can itself
+include sequences allowing for nested destructuring.
 
 The @var{arguments} sequence can also include the @code{&rest} marker
 followed by a variable name to be bound to the rest of
diff --git a/doc/lispref/strings.texi b/doc/lispref/strings.texi
index 08e8e877a9f..d882be485ef 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/strings.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/strings.texi
@@ -969,12 +969,12 @@ is not truncated.
 
 @example
 @group
-(format "The word '%7s' has %d letters in it."
+(format "The word ‘%7s’ has %d letters in it."
         "foo" (length "foo"))
-     @result{} "The word '    foo' has 3 letters in it."
-(format "The word '%7s' has %d letters in it."
+     @result{} "The word ‘    foo’ has 3 letters in it."
+(format "The word ‘%7s’ has %d letters in it."
         "specification" (length "specification"))
-     @result{} "The word 'specification' has 13 letters in it."
+     @result{} "The word ‘specification’ has 13 letters in it."
 @end group
 @end example
 
@@ -1013,12 +1013,12 @@ ignored.
 (format "%06d is padded on the left with zeros" 123)
      @result{} "000123 is padded on the left with zeros"
 
-(format "'%-6d' is padded on the right" 123)
-     @result{} "'123   ' is padded on the right"
+(format "‘%-6d’ is padded on the right" 123)
+     @result{} "‘123   ’ is padded on the right"
 
-(format "The word '%-7s' actually has %d letters in it."
+(format "The word ‘%-7s’ actually has %d letters in it."
         "foo" (length "foo"))
-     @result{} "The word 'foo    ' actually has 3 letters in it."
+     @result{} "The word ‘foo    ’ actually has 3 letters in it."
 @end group
 @end example
 
diff --git a/doc/lispref/text.texi b/doc/lispref/text.texi
index e63e634db04..245825ada60 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/text.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/text.texi
@@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ Called from a program, there are three arguments:
 @group
 REVERSE (non-nil means reverse order),\
  BEG and END (region to sort).
-The variable `sort-fold-case' determines\
+The variable ‘sort-fold-case’ determines\
  whether alphabetic case affects
 the sort order."
 @end group
diff --git a/doc/misc/ede.texi b/doc/misc/ede.texi
index 7a824acfed5..565abb557e2 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ede.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ede.texi
@@ -867,14 +867,14 @@ It would look like this:
   )
 
 (defun MY-ROOT-FCN ()
-  "Return the root fcn for `default-directory'"
+  "Return the root fcn for ‘default-directory’"
   ;; You might be able to use 'ede-cpp-root-project-root'
   ;; and not write this at all.
   )
 
 (defun MY-LOAD (dir)
-  "Load a project of type `cpp-root' for the directory DIR.
-Return nil if there isn't one."
+  "Load a project of type ‘cpp-root’ for the directory DIR.
+Return nil if there isn’t one."
   ;; Use your preferred construction method here.
   (ede-cpp-root-project "NAME" :file (expand-file-name "FILE" dir)
                                :locate-fcn 'MYFCN)
diff --git a/doc/misc/efaq.texi b/doc/misc/efaq.texi
index 3e9109d0924..75df1d41ff9 100644
--- a/doc/misc/efaq.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/efaq.texi
@@ -4336,7 +4336,7 @@ best fix I've been able to come up with:
 
 @lisp
 (defun rmail-reply-t ()
-  "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See rmail-reply.)"
+  "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See ‘rmail-reply’.)"
   (interactive)
   (rmail-reply t))
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/eieio.texi b/doc/misc/eieio.texi
index fb4e1470016..7cee5c30a1b 100644
--- a/doc/misc/eieio.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/eieio.texi
@@ -1529,7 +1529,7 @@ Currently, the default superclass is defined as follows:
   nil
   "Default parent class for classes with no specified parent class.
 Its slots are automatically adopted by classes with no specified
-parents.  This class is not stored in the `parent' slot of a class vector."
+parents.  This class is not stored in the ‘parent’ slot of a class vector."
   :abstract t)
 @end example
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi b/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
index 76d1a5275e5..0b856c7f0a3 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@ instead (works for newer versions as well):
          (setq message-user-fqdn fqdn)
        (gnus-message 1 "Redefining `message-make-fqdn'.")
        (defun message-make-fqdn ()
-         "Return user's fully qualified domain name."
+         "Return user’s fully qualified domain name."
          fqdn))))
 @end example
 @noindent
@@ -1765,9 +1765,9 @@ snippet by Frank Haun <pille3003@@fhaun.de> in
 
 @example
 (defun my-archive-article (&optional n)
-  "Copies one or more article(s) to a corresponding `nnml:' group, e.g.,
-`gnus.ding' goes to `nnml:1.gnus.ding'. And `nnml:List-gnus.ding' goes
-to `nnml:1.List-gnus-ding'.
+  "Copies one or more article(s) to a corresponding ‘nnml:’ group, e.g.,
+‘gnus.ding’ goes to ‘nnml:1.gnus.ding’. And ‘nnml:List-gnus.ding’ goes
+to ‘nnml:1.List-gnus-ding’.
 
 Use process marks or mark a region in the summary buffer to archive
 more then one article."
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus.texi b/doc/misc/gnus.texi
index 0afc7e47c4b..23a43f4893c 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus.texi
@@ -21033,8 +21033,8 @@ function:
 
 @lisp
 (defun gnus-decay-score (score)
-  "Decay SCORE according to `gnus-score-decay-constant'
-and `gnus-score-decay-scale'."
+  "Decay SCORE according to ‘gnus-score-decay-constant’
+and ‘gnus-score-decay-scale’."
   (let ((n (- score
               (* (if (< score 0) -1 1)
                  (min (abs score)
@@ -24080,7 +24080,7 @@ spam.  And here is the nifty function:
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-gnus-raze-spam ()
-  "Submit SPAM to Vipul's Razor, then mark it as expirable."
+  "Submit SPAM to Vipul’s Razor, then mark it as expirable."
   (interactive)
   (gnus-summary-save-in-pipe "razor-report -f -d" t)
   (gnus-summary-mark-as-expirable 1))
diff --git a/doc/misc/mh-e.texi b/doc/misc/mh-e.texi
index 8406a80b3d7..54f759118fa 100644
--- a/doc/misc/mh-e.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/mh-e.texi
@@ -3159,13 +3159,13 @@ code to @file{~/.emacs}.
 @smalllisp
 @group
 (defvar my-mh-screen-saved nil
-  "Set to non-@code{nil} when MH-E window configuration shown.")
+  "Set to non-nil when MH-E window configuration shown.")
 (defvar my-normal-screen nil "Normal window configuration.")
 (defvar my-mh-screen nil "MH-E window configuration.")
 
 (defun my-mh-rmail (&optional arg)
   "Toggle between MH-E and normal screen configurations.
-With non-@code{nil} or prefix argument, @i{inc} mailbox as well
+With non-nil or prefix argument, include mailbox as well
 when going into mail."
   (interactive "P")                 ; @r{user callable function, P=prefix arg}
   (setq my-mh-screen-saved          ; @r{save state}
@@ -3474,7 +3474,7 @@ bindings, for example:
 @smalllisp
 @group
 (defvar my-mh-init-done nil
-  "Non-@code{nil} when one-time MH-E settings made.")
+  "Non-nil when one-time MH-E settings made.")
 
 (defun my-mh-folder-mode-hook ()
   "Hook to set key bindings in MH-Folder mode."
diff --git a/doc/misc/rcirc.texi b/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
index a707ba5f03e..a0d74b41be3 100644
--- a/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ The real answer, therefore, is a @code{/reconnect} command:
      "Reconnect the server process."
      (interactive "i")
      (unless process
-       (error "There's no process for this target"))
+       (error "There’s no process for this target"))
      (let* ((server (car (process-contact process)))
             (port (process-contact process :service))
             (nick (rcirc-nick process))
diff --git a/doc/misc/ses.texi b/doc/misc/ses.texi
index 7017429f063..2f92e3ea836 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ses.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ses.texi
@@ -1046,7 +1046,7 @@ the data area, such as hidden constants you want to refer to in your
 formulas.
 
 You can override the variable @code{ses--symbolic-formulas} to be a list of
-symbols (as parenthesized strings) to show as completions for the '
+symbols (as parenthesized strings) to show as completions for the @kbd{'}
 command.  This initial completions list is used instead of the actual
 set of symbols-as-formulas in the spreadsheet.