63 files changed, 119 insertions, 137 deletions

diff --git a/lisp/bookmark.el b/lisp/bookmark.el
index c75a8d33da3..1113144f87a 100644
--- a/lisp/bookmark.el
+++ b/lisp/bookmark.el
@@ -1381,7 +1381,7 @@ then offer interactively to relocate BOOKMARK-NAME-OR-RECORD."
                  (message
                   "Bookmark not relocated; consider removing it (%s)."
                   bookmark-name-or-record)
-                 (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))))))
+                 (signal err)))))))))
   ;; Added by db.
   (when (stringp bookmark-name-or-record)
     (setq bookmark-current-bookmark bookmark-name-or-record))
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc.el b/lisp/calc/calc.el
index 6a23f860123..98bf1e4c2a4 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc.el
@@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@ See calc-keypad for details."
                (error (substitute-command-keys
                        "Computation got stuck or ran too long.  Type \\`M' to increase the limit"))
              (setq calc-aborted-prefix nil)
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+             (signal err))))
       (when calc-aborted-prefix
         (calc-record "<Aborted>" calc-aborted-prefix))
       (and calc-start-time
diff --git a/lisp/calendar/appt.el b/lisp/calendar/appt.el
index df8e28319e5..f12a51c3dc9 100644
--- a/lisp/calendar/appt.el
+++ b/lisp/calendar/appt.el
@@ -232,7 +232,7 @@ also calls `beep' for an audible reminder."
                         time string)
              (wrong-type-argument
               (if (not (listp mins))
-                  (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+                  (signal err)
                 (message "Argtype error in `appt-disp-window-function' - \
 update it for multiple appts?")
                 ;; Fallback to just displaying the first appt, as we used to.
diff --git a/lisp/calendar/time-date.el b/lisp/calendar/time-date.el
index bd1e7a88f16..83764074eec 100644
--- a/lisp/calendar/time-date.el
+++ b/lisp/calendar/time-date.el
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ If DATE lacks time zone information, local time is assumed."
         (encode-time parsed))
     (error
      (if (equal err '(error "Specified time is not representable"))
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+         (signal err)
        (error "Invalid date: %s" date)))))
 
 ;;;###autoload
diff --git a/lisp/desktop.el b/lisp/desktop.el
index df98079b1c2..f478cf2307b 100644
--- a/lisp/desktop.el
+++ b/lisp/desktop.el
@@ -812,7 +812,7 @@ is nil, ask the user where to save the desktop."
         (desktop-save desktop-dirname t)
       (file-error
        (unless (yes-or-no-p "Error while saving the desktop.  Ignore? ")
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+         (signal err)))))
   (desktop--on-kill)
   t)
 
diff --git a/lisp/ebuff-menu.el b/lisp/ebuff-menu.el
index 492d8180848..bfdea278790 100644
--- a/lisp/ebuff-menu.el
+++ b/lisp/ebuff-menu.el
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ Run hooks in `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' on entry.
               (not (memq (car condition) '(buffer-read-only
                                            end-of-buffer
                                            beginning-of-buffer))))
-         (signal (car condition) (cdr condition)))
+         (signal condition))
         ((< (point) (car state))
          (goto-char (point-min))
          (unless Buffer-menu-use-header-line
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp.el
index 5cbd4213028..936d5f91a06 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp.el
@@ -331,7 +331,7 @@ On error, location of point is unspecified."
             (if no-syntax-crossing
                 ;; Assume called interactively; don't signal an error.
                 (user-error "At top level")
-              (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+              (signal err))))))
       (setq arg (- arg inc)))))
 
 (defun kill-sexp (&optional arg interactive)
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/multisession.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/multisession.el
index f3cc4b73338..8df3d9e4b22 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/multisession.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/multisession.el
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ DOC should be a doc string, and ARGS are keywords as applicable to
            (setq i (1+ i)
                  last-error err)
            (sleep-for (+ 0.1 (/ (float (random 10)) 10))))))
-      (signal (car last-error) (cdr last-error)))))
+      (signal last-error))))
 
 (defun multisession--object-file-name (object)
   (expand-file-name
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el
index c30f7758df4..706614e9df1 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el
@@ -1219,8 +1219,7 @@ errors signaled by ERROR-FORM or by BODY).
        (when (condition-case ,err
                  (progn ,@before-body t)
                (error (funcall error-function)
-                      (unless noerror
-                        (signal (car ,err) (cdr ,err)))))
+                      (unless noerror (signal ,err))))
          (funcall ,body)))))
 
 (cl-defun package--with-response-buffer-1 (url body &key async file error-function noerror &allow-other-keys)
diff --git a/lisp/epa.el b/lisp/epa.el
index 8d3315891b4..09208a0a3cc 100644
--- a/lisp/epa.el
+++ b/lisp/epa.el
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ If you do not specify PLAIN-FILE, this functions prompts for the value to use."
         (epg-decrypt-file context decrypt-file plain-file)
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Decrypting %s...wrote %s" (file-name-nondirectory decrypt-file)
              (file-name-nondirectory plain-file))
     (if (epg-context-result-for context 'verify)
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ If you do not specify PLAIN-FILE, this functions prompts for the value to use."
         (epg-verify-file context file plain)
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Verifying %s...done" (file-name-nondirectory file))
     (if (epg-context-result-for context 'verify)
         (epa-display-info (epg-verify-result-to-string
@@ -798,7 +798,7 @@ If no one is selected, default secret key is used.  "
         (epg-sign-file context file signature mode)
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Signing %s...wrote %s" (file-name-nondirectory file)
              (file-name-nondirectory signature))))
 
@@ -828,7 +828,7 @@ If no one is selected, symmetric encryption will be performed.  ")))
         (epg-encrypt-file context file recipients cipher)
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Encrypting %s...wrote %s" (file-name-nondirectory file)
              (file-name-nondirectory cipher))))
 
@@ -870,7 +870,7 @@ For example:
           (setq plain (epg-decrypt-string context (buffer-substring start end)))
         (error
          (epa-display-error context)
-         (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+         (signal error)))
       (message "Decrypting...done")
       (setq plain (decode-coding-string
                    plain
@@ -969,7 +969,7 @@ For example:
                           (get-text-property start 'epa-coding-system-used)))))
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Verifying...done")
     (setq plain (decode-coding-string
                  plain
@@ -1077,7 +1077,7 @@ If no one is selected, default secret key is used.  "
                                            mode))
         (error
          (epa-display-error context)
-         (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+         (signal error)))
       (message "Signing...done")
       (delete-region start end)
       (goto-char start)
@@ -1155,7 +1155,7 @@ If no one is selected, symmetric encryption will be performed.  ")
                                            sign))
         (error
          (epa-display-error context)
-         (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+         (signal error)))
       (message "Encrypting...done")
       (delete-region start end)
       (goto-char start)
@@ -1185,7 +1185,7 @@ If no one is selected, symmetric encryption will be performed.  ")
         (epg-delete-keys context keys allow-secret)
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Deleting...done")
     (apply #'epa--list-keys epa-list-keys-arguments)))
 
@@ -1273,7 +1273,7 @@ If no one is selected, symmetric encryption will be performed.  ")
         (epg-export-keys-to-file context keys file)
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (message "Exporting to %s...done" (file-name-nondirectory file))))
 
 ;;;###autoload
@@ -1290,7 +1290,7 @@ If no one is selected, default public key is exported.  ")))
         (insert (epg-export-keys-to-string context keys))
       (error
        (epa-display-error context)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))))
+       (signal error)))))
 
 (provide 'epa)
 
diff --git a/lisp/erc/erc.el b/lisp/erc/erc.el
index 572b73188e3..6464e3bf0b1 100644
--- a/lisp/erc/erc.el
+++ b/lisp/erc/erc.el
@@ -4788,7 +4788,7 @@ and ask whether to continue connecting anyway."
                  '(info "(erc) auth-source Troubleshooting"))
      (when (or noninteractive
                (not (y-or-n-p "Ignore auth-source error and continue? ")))
-       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+       (signal err)))))
 
 (defun erc-server-join-channel (server channel &optional secret)
   "Join CHANNEL, optionally with SECRET.
diff --git a/lisp/eshell/esh-io.el b/lisp/eshell/esh-io.el
index 7c0b878e3cf..ea7dbb2e122 100644
--- a/lisp/eshell/esh-io.el
+++ b/lisp/eshell/esh-io.el
@@ -751,7 +751,7 @@ Returns what was actually sent, or nil if nothing was sent.")
      ;; here.  Maybe `process-send-string' should handle SIGPIPE even
      ;; in batch mode (bug#66186).
      (if (process-live-p target)
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+         (signal err)
        (signal 'eshell-pipe-broken (list target)))))
   object)
 
diff --git a/lisp/files.el b/lisp/files.el
index edbeb43e9b9..54d21a8a5be 100644
--- a/lisp/files.el
+++ b/lisp/files.el
@@ -6276,7 +6276,7 @@ Before and after saving the buffer, this function runs
                   (when save-silently (message nil)))
               ;; If we failed, restore the buffer's modtime.
               (error (set-visited-file-modtime old-modtime)
-                     (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
+                     (signal err)))
             ;; Since we have created an entirely new file,
             ;; make sure it gets the right permission bits set.
             (setq setmodes
@@ -6680,7 +6680,7 @@ Return non-nil if DIR is already a directory."
       (make-directory-internal dir)
     (error
      (or (file-directory-p dir)
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+         (signal err)))))
 
 (defun make-directory (dir &optional parents)
   "Create the directory DIR and optionally any nonexistent parent dirs.
@@ -6753,7 +6753,7 @@ This acts like (apply FN ARGS) except it returns NO-SUCH if it is
 non-nil and if FN fails due to a missing file or directory."
   (condition-case err
       (apply fn args)
-    (file-missing (or no-such (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+    (file-missing (or no-such (signal err)))))
 
 (defun delete-file (filename &optional trash)
   "Delete file named FILENAME.  If it is a symlink, remove the symlink.
@@ -6994,7 +6994,7 @@ into NEWNAME instead."
                   (make-directory (directory-file-name newname) parents)
                 (error
                  (or (file-directory-p newname)
-                     (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+                     (signal err))))))
 
         ;; Copy recursively.
         (dolist (file
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el b/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el
index 56473f81f06..301dec87cf7 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el
@@ -6946,7 +6946,7 @@ not have a face in `gnus-article-boring-faces'."
                   (set-window-hscroll win new-sum-hscroll))))
           (set-window-configuration owin)
           (if err
-              (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+              (signal err)
             (ding))))))))
 
 (defun gnus-article-read-summary-send-keys ()
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/gnus-search.el b/lisp/gnus/gnus-search.el
index 58f72f002fd..87ac1eb2a15 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/gnus-search.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/gnus-search.el
@@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ Assume \"size\" key is equal to \"larger\"."
               (apply #'nnheader-message 4
                      "Search engine for %s improperly configured: %s"
                      server (cdr err))
-            (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+            (signal err)))))
      (alist-get 'search-group-spec specs))
     ;; Some search engines do their own limiting, but some don't, so
     ;; do it again here.  This is bad because, if the user is
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/mail-source.el b/lisp/gnus/mail-source.el
index bc1c7272283..a1e954d5367 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/mail-source.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/mail-source.el
@@ -831,7 +831,7 @@ Deleting old (> %s day(s)) incoming mail file `%s'." diff bfile)
                      (setq mail-source-password-cache
                            (delq (assoc from mail-source-password-cache)
                                  mail-source-password-cache))
-                     (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))))
+                     (signal err))))))))
       (if result
           (progn
             (when (eq authentication 'password)
@@ -896,7 +896,7 @@ Deleting old (> %s day(s)) incoming mail file `%s'." diff bfile)
                      (setq mail-source-password-cache
                            (delq (assoc from mail-source-password-cache)
                                  mail-source-password-cache))
-                     (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))))
+                     (signal err))))))))
       (if result
           ;; Inform display-time that we have new mail.
           (setq mail-source-new-mail-available (> result 0))
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/mml-sec.el b/lisp/gnus/mml-sec.el
index 700a99fe5d8..85b7d3a879c 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/mml-sec.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/mml-sec.el
@@ -939,7 +939,7 @@ If no one is selected, symmetric encryption will be performed.  "
               mml-secure-secret-key-id-list nil)
       (error
        (mml-secure-clear-secret-key-id-list)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     cipher))
 
 (defun mml-secure-sender-sign-query (protocol sender)
@@ -1029,7 +1029,7 @@ Returns non-nil if the user has chosen to use SENDER."
               mml-secure-secret-key-id-list nil)
       (error
        (mml-secure-clear-secret-key-id-list)
-       (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+       (signal error)))
     (if (epg-context-result-for context 'sign)
         (setq micalg (epg-new-signature-digest-algorithm
                       (car (epg-context-result-for context 'sign)))))
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/nnselect.el b/lisp/gnus/nnselect.el
index b90a6c8b235..71bac870aca 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/nnselect.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/nnselect.el
@@ -346,8 +346,7 @@ group info."
             gnus-newsgroup-selection))
       ;; Don't swallow gnus-search errors; the user should be made
       ;; aware of them.
-      (gnus-search-error
-       (signal (car err) (cdr err)))
+      (gnus-search-error (signal err))
       (error
        (gnus-error
         3
diff --git a/lisp/ibuffer.el b/lisp/ibuffer.el
index 99fe5cd2f5a..6777d652c44 100644
--- a/lisp/ibuffer.el
+++ b/lisp/ibuffer.el
@@ -1127,11 +1127,12 @@ a new window in the current frame, splitting vertically."
                     (error
                      ;; Handle a failure
                      (if (or (> (incf attempts) 4)
-                             (and (stringp (cadr err))
-                                  ;; This definitely falls in the
-                                  ;; ghetto hack category...
-                                  (not (string-match-p "too small" (cadr err)))))
-                         (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+                             (let ((msg (error-slot-value err 1)))
+                               (and (stringp msg)
+                                    ;; This definitely falls in the
+                                    ;; ghetto hack category...
+                                    (not (string-match-p "too small" msg)))))
+                         (signal err)
                        (enlarge-window 3))))))
               (select-window (next-window))
               (switch-to-buffer buf)
diff --git a/lisp/international/ja-dic-utl.el b/lisp/international/ja-dic-utl.el
index 3f6500669a4..66e402c12db 100644
--- a/lisp/international/ja-dic-utl.el
+++ b/lisp/international/ja-dic-utl.el
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ The library `ja-dic' can't be loaded.
 This might indicate a problem with your Emacs installation, as
 LEIM (Libraries of Emacs Input Method) should normally always be
 installed together with Emacs.")))
-               (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+               (signal err))))
 
   (let ((vec (make-vector len 0))
         (i 0)
diff --git a/lisp/jit-lock.el b/lisp/jit-lock.el
index d78c1d03deb..ac692340e74 100644
--- a/lisp/jit-lock.el
+++ b/lisp/jit-lock.el
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ Defaults to the whole buffer.  END can be out of bounds."
                      ;; on-the-fly jit-locking), make sure the fontification
                      ;; will be performed before displaying the block again.
                      (quit (put-text-property start next 'fontified nil)
-                           (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+                           (signal err)))))
 
                ;; In case we fontified more than requested, take
                ;; advantage of the good news.
diff --git a/lisp/ls-lisp.el b/lisp/ls-lisp.el
index 99cfbf140c3..bde472588cc 100644
--- a/lisp/ls-lisp.el
+++ b/lisp/ls-lisp.el
@@ -312,14 +312,14 @@ are also supported; unsupported long options are silently ignored."
       (invalid-regexp
        ;; Maybe they wanted a literal file that just happens to
        ;; use characters special to shell wildcards.
-       (if (equal (cadr err) "Unmatched [ or [^")
+       (if (equal (error-slot-value err 2) "Unmatched [ or [^")
            (progn
              (setq wildcard-regexp (if (memq ?B switches) "[^~]\\'")
                    file (file-relative-name orig-file))
              (ls-lisp-insert-directory
               file switches (ls-lisp-time-index switches)
               nil full-directory-p))
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+         (signal err))))))
 
 (defun ls-lisp-insert-directory
   (file switches time-index wildcard-regexp full-directory-p)
diff --git a/lisp/mail/mail-extr.el b/lisp/mail/mail-extr.el
index ae3b37ea41c..ee009ecfda4 100644
--- a/lisp/mail/mail-extr.el
+++ b/lisp/mail/mail-extr.el
@@ -655,10 +655,10 @@ Unless NO-REPLACE is true, at each of the positions in LIST-SYMBOL
         t)
     (error
      ;; #### kludge kludge kludge kludge kludge kludge kludge !!!
-     (if (string-equal (nth 1 error) "Unbalanced parentheses")
+     (if (string-equal (error-slot-value error 1) "Unbalanced parentheses")
          nil
-       (while t
-         (signal (car error) (cdr error)))))))
+       (while t ;;FIXME: Why?
+         (signal error))))))
 
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 ;;
diff --git a/lisp/mail/rfc2047.el b/lisp/mail/rfc2047.el
index a48b876443b..3961c2a1e25 100644
--- a/lisp/mail/rfc2047.el
+++ b/lisp/mail/rfc2047.el
@@ -543,7 +543,7 @@ Dynamically bind `rfc2047-encoding-type' to change that."
                     (setq last-encoded nil)))))
             (error
              (if (or debug-on-quit debug-on-error)
-                 (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+                 (signal err)
                (error "Invalid data for rfc2047 encoding: %s"
                       (replace-regexp-in-string "[ \t\n]+" " " orig-text))))))))
     (unless dont-fold
diff --git a/lisp/mail/rfc2231.el b/lisp/mail/rfc2231.el
index d096176a9b1..70f73018674 100644
--- a/lisp/mail/rfc2231.el
+++ b/lisp/mail/rfc2231.el
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ must never cause a Lisp error."
           (error
            (setq parameters nil)
            (when signal-error
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+             (signal err))))
 
         ;; Now collect and concatenate continuation parameters.
         (let ((cparams nil)
diff --git a/lisp/minibuffer.el b/lisp/minibuffer.el
index 1ac83134dbe..13d0e712821 100644
--- a/lisp/minibuffer.el
+++ b/lisp/minibuffer.el
@@ -4634,7 +4634,7 @@ filter out additional entries (because TABLE might not obey PRED)."
                                 (if between (list between)) pattern))
           (setq prefix subprefix)))
       (if (and (null all) firsterror)
-          (signal (car firsterror) (cdr firsterror))
+          (signal firsterror)
         (list pattern all prefix suffix)))))
 
 (defun completion-pcm-all-completions (string table pred point)
diff --git a/lisp/mouse.el b/lisp/mouse.el
index a6d553b60a1..24fe57cdc50 100644
--- a/lisp/mouse.el
+++ b/lisp/mouse.el
@@ -2025,7 +2025,7 @@ The region will be defined with mark and point."
                  (pop-mark)))))
       ;; Cleanup on errors
       (error (funcall cleanup)
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+             (signal err)))))
 
 (defun mouse--drag-set-mark-and-point (start click click-count)
   (let* ((range (mouse-start-end start click click-count))
@@ -2790,7 +2790,7 @@ This must be bound to a button-down mouse event."
       ;; Clean up in case something went wrong.
       (error (setq track-mouse old-track-mouse)
              (setq mouse-fine-grained-tracking old-mouse-fine-grained-tracking)
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+             (signal err)))))
 
 ;; The drag event must be bound to something but does not need any effect,
 ;; as everything takes place in `mouse-drag-region-rectangle'.
diff --git a/lisp/net/dbus.el b/lisp/net/dbus.el
index 465de028725..58d78b14c12 100644
--- a/lisp/net/dbus.el
+++ b/lisp/net/dbus.el
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ Otherwise, return result of last form in BODY, or all other errors."
   (declare (indent 0) (debug t))
   `(condition-case err
        (progn ,@body)
-     (dbus-error (when dbus-debug (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+     (dbus-error (when dbus-debug (signal err)))))
 
 (defvar dbus-event-error-functions
   '(dbus-notice-synchronous-call-errors
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ Example:
          "AddMatch" rule)
       (dbus-error
        (if (not (string-match-p "eavesdrop" rule))
-           (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+           (signal err)
          ;; The D-Bus spec says we shall fall back to a rule without eavesdrop.
          (when dbus-debug (message "Removing eavesdrop from rule %s" rule))
          (setq rule (replace-regexp-in-string ",eavesdrop='true'" "" rule t t))
@@ -1234,7 +1234,7 @@ If the HANDLER returns a `dbus-error', it is propagated as return message."
      ;; Propagate D-Bus error messages.
      (run-hook-with-args 'dbus-event-error-functions event err)
      (when dbus-debug
-       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+       (signal err)))))
 
 (defun dbus-event-bus-name (event)
   "Return the bus name the event is coming from.
@@ -1668,7 +1668,7 @@ return nil.
     (dbus-error
      (if (string-equal dbus-error-access-denied (cadr err))
          (car args)
-       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+       (signal err)))))
 
 (defun dbus-get-all-properties (bus service path interface)
   "Return all properties of INTERFACE at BUS, SERVICE, PATH.
diff --git a/lisp/net/eudc-export.el b/lisp/net/eudc-export.el
index aa8e52bd792..ac212e7a817 100644
--- a/lisp/net/eudc-export.el
+++ b/lisp/net/eudc-export.el
@@ -187,11 +187,11 @@ LOCATION is used as the phone location for BBDB."
                                (bbdb-parse-phone phone)
                              (bbdb-parse-phone-number phone)))
         (error
-         (if (string= "phone number unparsable." (cadr err))
+         (if (equal "phone number unparsable." (error-slot-value err 1))
              (if (not (y-or-n-p (format "BBDB claims %S to be unparsable--insert anyway? " phone)))
                  (error "Phone number unparsable")
                (setq phone-list (list (bbdb-string-trim phone))))
-           (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+           (signal err))))
       (if (= 3 (length phone-list))
           (setq phone-list (append phone-list '(nil))))
       (apply #'vector location phone-list)))
diff --git a/lisp/net/imap.el b/lisp/net/imap.el
index 22bebbb0f0c..bb298d11d3c 100644
--- a/lisp/net/imap.el
+++ b/lisp/net/imap.el
@@ -1729,11 +1729,11 @@ See `imap-enable-exchange-bug-workaround'."
               ;; robust just to check for a BAD response to the
               ;; attempted fetch.
               (string-match "The specified message set is invalid"
-                            (cadr data)))
+                            (error-slot-value data 1)))
          (with-current-buffer (or buffer (current-buffer))
            (setq-local imap-enable-exchange-bug-workaround t)
            (imap-fetch (cdr uids) props receive nouidfetch))
-       (signal (car data) (cdr data))))))
+       (signal data)))))
 
 (defun imap-message-copyuid-1 (mailbox)
   (if (imap-capability 'UIDPLUS)
diff --git a/lisp/net/soap-client.el b/lisp/net/soap-client.el
index f6d2ba229e5..544f0286834 100644
--- a/lisp/net/soap-client.el
+++ b/lisp/net/soap-client.el
@@ -3194,7 +3194,7 @@ OPERATION-NAME and PARAMETERS are as described in `soap-invoke'."
                (unwind-protect
                    (let ((error-status (plist-get status :error)))
                      (if error-status
-                         (signal (car error-status) (cdr error-status))
+                         (signal error-status)
                        (apply callback
                               (soap-parse-envelope
                                (soap-parse-server-response)
@@ -3221,7 +3221,7 @@ OPERATION-NAME and PARAMETERS are as described in `soap-invoke'."
              ;; Propagate soap-errors -- they are error replies of the
              ;; SOAP protocol and don't indicate a communication
              ;; problem or a bug in this code.
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err)))
+             (signal err))
             (error
              (when soap-debug
                (pop-to-buffer buffer))
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el b/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el
index c20b5df9b59..0184586ba0e 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el
@@ -629,7 +629,8 @@ PRESERVE-UID-GID and PRESERVE-EXTENDED-ATTRIBUTES are completely ignored."
                       (rename-file tmpfile newname ok-if-already-exists)
                     ((error quit)
                      (delete-file tmpfile)
-                     (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
+                     ;; FIXME: Maybe `unwind-protect' would be better.
+                     (signal err)))
 
                 ;; Remote newname.
                 (when (and (file-directory-p newname)
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-androidsu.el b/lisp/net/tramp-androidsu.el
index f15c5587651..320163c55d5 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-androidsu.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-androidsu.el
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ multibyte mode and waits for the shell prompt to appear."
         ;; Cleanup, and propagate the signal.
         ((error quit)
          (tramp-cleanup-connection vec t)
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+         (signal err))))))
 
 (defun tramp-androidsu-generate-wrapper (function)
   "Return connection wrapper function for FUNCTION.
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-compat.el b/lisp/net/tramp-compat.el
index ecc6fe96855..c42c69af9a5 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-compat.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-compat.el
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ value is the default binding of the variable."
 ;; * Starting with Emacs 30.1, there is `handler-bind'.  Use it
 ;;   instead of `condition-case' when the origin of an error shall be
 ;;   kept, for example when the HANDLER propagates the error with
-;;   `(signal (car err) (cdr err)'.
+;;   `(signal err)'.
 ;;
 ;; * Starting with Emacs 30.1, use '(_ VALUEFORM)' instead of
 ;;   '(VALUEFORM)' in 'if-let*/when-let*/and-let*'.
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-crypt.el b/lisp/net/tramp-crypt.el
index 59e4cea2edb..fa609ae6e15 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-crypt.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-crypt.el
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ localname."
          (setcar
           (cdr err)
           (replace-regexp-in-string encrypt-regexp filename (cadr err))))
-       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+       (signal err)))))
 
 (defun tramp-crypt-do-copy-or-rename-file
   (op filename newname &optional ok-if-already-exists keep-date
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-sh.el b/lisp/net/tramp-sh.el
index c83a7a9978d..e7e5a142b9d 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-sh.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-sh.el
@@ -3468,9 +3468,10 @@ will be used."
                    "Wrong method specification for `%s'" method)))
 
             ;; Error handling.
+            ;; FIXME: Use `unwind-protect'?
             ((error quit)
              (delete-file tmpfile)
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+             (signal err))))
 
       ;; Impossible to copy.  Trigger `file-missing' error.
       (delete-file tmpfile)
@@ -3526,10 +3527,11 @@ will be used."
                 create-lockfiles)
             (condition-case err
                 (write-region start end tmpfile append 'no-message)
+              ;; FIXME: Use `unwind-protect'?
               ((error quit)
                (setq tramp-temp-buffer-file-name nil)
                (delete-file tmpfile)
-               (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+               (signal err))))
 
           ;; Now, `last-coding-system-used' has the right value.
           ;; Remember it.
@@ -3567,10 +3569,10 @@ will be used."
                         ;; We keep the local file for performance
                         ;; reasons, useful for "rsync".
                         (copy-file tmpfile filename t)
-                      ((error quit)
+                      ((error quit)     ;FIXME: `unwind-protect'?
                        (setq tramp-temp-buffer-file-name nil)
                        (delete-file tmpfile)
-                       (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+                       (signal err))))
                 (setq tramp-temp-buffer-file-name nil)
                 ;; Don't rename, in order to keep context in SELinux.
                 (unwind-protect
@@ -5521,9 +5523,10 @@ connection if a previous connection has died for some reason."
                 (tramp-set-connection-property p "connected" t))))
 
         ;; Cleanup, and propagate the signal.
+        ;; FIXME: `unwind-protect'?
         ((error quit)
          (tramp-cleanup-connection vec t)
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+         (signal err))))))
 
 (defun tramp-send-command (vec command &optional neveropen nooutput)
   "Send the COMMAND to connection VEC.
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-smb.el b/lisp/net/tramp-smb.el
index 554aa354c00..8985f751bb1 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-smb.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-smb.el
@@ -610,11 +610,9 @@ PRESERVE-UID-GID and PRESERVE-EXTENDED-ATTRIBUTES are completely ignored."
                      (and (tramp-tramp-file-p filename)
                           (file-local-copy filename))))
               ;; Remote filename.
-              (condition-case err
+              (unwind-protect
                   (rename-file tmpfile newname ok-if-already-exists)
-                ((error quit)
-                 (delete-file tmpfile)
-                 (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
+                (delete-file tmpfile))
 
             ;; Remote newname.
             (when (and (file-directory-p newname)
@@ -852,7 +850,7 @@ PRESERVE-UID-GID and PRESERVE-EXTENDED-ATTRIBUTES are completely ignored."
                     nil                  ;9 gid weird
                     inode                ;10 inode number
                     device))))           ;11 file system number
-        (remote-file-error (signal (car err) (cdr err)))
+        (remote-file-error (signal err))
         (error)))))
 
 (defun tramp-smb-do-file-attributes-with-stat (vec)
@@ -2125,7 +2123,7 @@ If ARGUMENT is non-nil, use it as argument for
                            (tramp-cleanup-connection vec t)
                            (tramp-smb-maybe-open-connection vec argument))
                        ;; Propagate the error.
-                       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))))))))))
+                       (signal err)))))))))))))
 
 ;; We don't use timeouts.  If needed, the caller shall wrap around.
 (defun tramp-smb-wait-for-output (vec)
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp.el b/lisp/net/tramp.el
index 5441a26d7a0..fc607967194 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp.el
@@ -2153,7 +2153,7 @@ does not exist, otherwise propagate the error."
         (if (not (or (file-exists-p ,filename) (file-symlink-p ,filename)))
             (when (tramp-connectable-p ,vec)
               (tramp-error ,vec 'file-missing ,filename))
-          (signal (car ,err) (cdr ,err)))))))
+          (signal ,err))))))
 
 (defun tramp-signal-hook-function (error-symbol data)
   "Function to be called via `signal-hook-function'.
@@ -4038,7 +4038,7 @@ BODY is the backend specific code."
              (progn ,@body)
            (error (if tramp-inhibit-errors-if-setting-file-attributes-fail
                       (display-warning 'tramp (error-message-string err))
-                    (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))))
+                    (signal err))))))))
 
 (defmacro tramp-skeleton-write-region
   (start end filename append visit lockname mustbenew &rest body)
@@ -4846,9 +4846,9 @@ existing) are returned."
                (tramp-error v 'file-missing filename)))
             (error
              (add-hook 'find-file-not-found-functions
-                       `(lambda () (signal ',(car err) ',(cdr err)))
+                       (lambda () (signal err))
                        nil t)
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
+             (signal err)))
 
         ;; Save exit.
         (when visit
diff --git a/lisp/org/org.el b/lisp/org/org.el
index 433733537c5..67c7eacd270 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org.el
@@ -4704,7 +4704,7 @@ is available.  This option applies only if FILE is a URL."
                   nil))
             (error (if noerror
                        (message "Org couldn't download \"%s\": %s %S" file (car error) (cdr error))
-                     (signal (car error) (cdr error)))))
+                     (signal error))))
         (funcall (if noerror #'message #'user-error)
                  "The remote resource %S is considered unsafe, and will not be downloaded."
                  file)))
diff --git a/lisp/org/ox-icalendar.el b/lisp/org/ox-icalendar.el
index 3b7dd45f873..dd84b024af4 100644
--- a/lisp/org/ox-icalendar.el
+++ b/lisp/org/ox-icalendar.el
@@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ external process."
                    (warn "Exporting %s to icalendar failed: %s"
                          file
                          (error-message-string err))
-                   (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+                   (signal err))))))
         (org-release-buffers org-agenda-new-buffers)))))
 
 ;;;###autoload
diff --git a/lisp/plstore.el b/lisp/plstore.el
index 08c9f5a423e..0964e6ccaf6 100644
--- a/lisp/plstore.el
+++ b/lisp/plstore.el
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ accordingly."
                                plstore-passphrase-alist)))
              (if entry
                  (setcdr entry nil)))
-           (signal (car error) (cdr error))))
+           (signal error)))
         (plstore--set-secret-alist plstore (car (read-from-string plain)))
         (plstore--merge-secret plstore)
         (plstore--set-encrypted-data plstore nil))))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el b/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
index 2d0ab0fdeaf..466b76d2bb3 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
@@ -1936,10 +1936,10 @@ COLLAPSE non-nil means collapse the branch."
 Don't let it move into the title lines.
 See `Electric-command-loop' for a description of STATE and CONDITION."
   (cond ((and condition
-              (not (memq (car condition)
-                         '(buffer-read-only end-of-buffer
-                                            beginning-of-buffer))))
-         (signal (car condition) (cdr condition)))
+              (not (or (error-has-type-p condition 'buffer-read-only)
+                       (error-has-type-p condition 'end-of-buffer)
+                       (error-has-type-p condition 'beginning-of-buffer))))
+         (signal condition))
         ((< (point) (car state))
          (goto-char (point-min))
          (forward-line 2))
@@ -3879,23 +3879,7 @@ Runs the hook `ebrowse-electric-position-mode-hook'."
     (kill-buffer buffer)))
 
 
-(defun ebrowse-electric-position-looper (state condition)
-  "Prevent moving point on invalid lines.
-Called from `Electric-command-loop'.  See there for the meaning
-of STATE and CONDITION."
-  (cond ((and condition
-              (not (memq (car condition) '(buffer-read-only
-                                           end-of-buffer
-                                           beginning-of-buffer))))
-         (signal (car condition) (cdr condition)))
-        ((< (point) (car state))
-         (goto-char (point-min))
-         (forward-line 2))
-        ((> (point) (cdr state))
-         (goto-char (point-max))
-         (forward-line -1)
-         (if (pos-visible-in-window-p (point-max))
-             (recenter -1)))))
+(defalias 'ebrowse-electric-position-looper #'ebrowse-electric-list-looper)
 
 
 (defun ebrowse-electric-position-undefined ()
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/eglot.el b/lisp/progmodes/eglot.el
index a4f076a6197..b0de857c4d2 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/eglot.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/eglot.el
@@ -2874,7 +2874,7 @@ THINGS are either registrations or unregisterations (sic)."
                     (if (cdr oops) (format " (%s)" (cdr oops)) "")))))
     (t
      ;; resignal (unfortunately like this)
-     (signal (car oops) (cdr oops)))))
+     (signal oops))))
 
 (cl-defmethod eglot-handle-request
   (server (_method (eql workspace/workspaceFolders)))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/js.el b/lisp/progmodes/js.el
index 44c54a60757..a5e1d8ac023 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/js.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/js.el
@@ -849,7 +849,7 @@ macro as normal text."
       (search-failed
        (goto-char saved-point)
        (unless noerror
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+         (signal err))))))
 
 
 (defun js--re-search-backward-inner (regexp &optional bound count)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/octave.el b/lisp/progmodes/octave.el
index d5e1dc39790..18800e29aa5 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/octave.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/octave.el
@@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ directory and makes this the current buffer's default directory."
       (progn
         (cd (car inferior-octave-output-list))
         t)
-    (error (unless noerror (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+    (error (unless noerror (signal err)))))
 
 (defcustom inferior-octave-minimal-columns 80
   "The minimal column width for the inferior Octave process."
diff --git a/lisp/savehist.el b/lisp/savehist.el
index 03f0889ef58..8f46adbeb95 100644
--- a/lisp/savehist.el
+++ b/lisp/savehist.el
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ Be careful to do it while preserving the current history data."
          ;; effectively destroy the user's data at the next save.
          (setq savehist-mode nil)
          (savehist-uninstall)
-         (signal (car errvar) (cdr errvar))))
+         (signal errvar)))
 
       ;; In case we're loading the file late, there was info in the history
       ;; variables that may have been overwritten by the info extracted from
diff --git a/lisp/tar-mode.el b/lisp/tar-mode.el
index 8cad7472089..e7400e81e00 100644
--- a/lisp/tar-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/tar-mode.el
@@ -879,7 +879,7 @@ See also: variables `tar-update-datestamp' and `tar-anal-blocksize'.
      ;; tar data.  Rather than show a mysterious empty buffer, let's
      ;; revert to fundamental-mode.
      (fundamental-mode)
-     (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+     (signal err))))
 
 (autoload 'woman-tar-extract-file "woman"
   "In tar mode, run the WoMan man-page browser on this file." t)
diff --git a/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el b/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el
index 9385207f767..86a4b1d006e 100644
--- a/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el
@@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ Mark is left at original location."
                   (progn (latex-backward-sexp-1) (1+ arg)))))
       (scan-error
        (goto-char pos)
-       (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+       (signal err)))))
 
 (defun latex-syntax-after ()
   "Like (char-syntax (char-after)) but aware of multi-char elements."
diff --git a/lisp/transient.el b/lisp/transient.el
index a7e2e5daa23..e77fef1f98a 100644
--- a/lisp/transient.el
+++ b/lisp/transient.el
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@
          ,(macroexp-progn body))
      ((debug error)
       (transient--emergency-exit ,id)
-      (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+      (signal err))))
 
 (defun transient--exit-and-debug (&rest args)
   (transient--emergency-exit :debugger)
diff --git a/lisp/vc/diff-mode.el b/lisp/vc/diff-mode.el
index 559310ff770..86095780f67 100644
--- a/lisp/vc/diff-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/vc/diff-mode.el
@@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ data such as \"Index: ...\" and such."
       ;; File starts *after* the starting point: we really weren't in
       ;; a file diff but elsewhere.
       (goto-char orig)
-      (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+      (signal err))))
 
 (defun diff-file-kill (&optional delete)
   "Kill current file's hunks.
diff --git a/lisp/vc/smerge-mode.el b/lisp/vc/smerge-mode.el
index c0f6fd426c1..3744ec501ec 100644
--- a/lisp/vc/smerge-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/vc/smerge-mode.el
@@ -1444,7 +1444,7 @@ region, or with a numeric prefix.  By default it uses a numeric prefix of 1."
   ;; conflicts instead!
   (condition-case err
       (smerge-match-conflict)
-    (error (if (not (markerp otherpos)) (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+    (error (if (not (markerp otherpos)) (signal err)
              (goto-char (prog1 otherpos (setq otherpos (point-marker))))
              (smerge-match-conflict))))
   (let ((beg (match-beginning 0))
diff --git a/lisp/vc/vc.el b/lisp/vc/vc.el
index 0d8e1dd0350..37d2bc3612f 100644
--- a/lisp/vc/vc.el
+++ b/lisp/vc/vc.el
@@ -2045,7 +2045,7 @@ After check-out, runs the normal hook `vc-checkout-hook'."
          (when t
            (let ((buf (get-file-buffer file)))
              (when buf (with-current-buffer buf (read-only-mode -1)))))
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
+         (signal err)))
       `((vc-state . ,(if (or (eq (vc-checkout-model backend (list file)) 'implicit)
                              nil)
                          'up-to-date
@@ -3581,8 +3581,8 @@ BACKEND is the VC backend."
     (condition-case err
         (vc-call-backend backend 'root default-directory)
       (vc-not-supported
-       (unless (eq (cadr err) 'root)
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err)))
+       (unless (eq (error-slot-value err 1) 'root)
+         (signal err))
        nil))))
 
 ;;;###autoload
@@ -4695,7 +4695,7 @@ tip revision are merged into the working file."
                  (and-let* ((fileset (vc-deduce-fileset 'not-state-changing
                                                         'allow-unregistered)))
                    (vc-find-backend-function (car fileset) 'pull)))
-         (signal (car ret) (cdr ret))))
+         (signal ret)))
       (:success
        (setq backend (car ret) files (cadr ret)
              fn (vc-find-backend-function backend 'pull))))
diff --git a/test/infra/android/test-controller.el b/test/infra/android/test-controller.el
index 07c6f0e5ba0..34a0e9bfe33 100644
--- a/test/infra/android/test-controller.el
+++ b/test/infra/android/test-controller.el
@@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@ this machine and an SSH daemon be executing on the host)."
                (with-demoted-errors "Winding up failed connection: %S"
                  (ats-adb "-s" device "forward" "--remove"
                           (format "tcp:%d" host-port)))
-               (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))))))
+               (signal err)))))))))
 
 
 
diff --git a/test/lisp/arc-mode-tests.el b/test/lisp/arc-mode-tests.el
index 43a441918a5..235a67c8649 100644
--- a/test/lisp/arc-mode-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/arc-mode-tests.el
@@ -113,9 +113,10 @@ member MEMBER.  Then the test finds ARCHIVE and ensures that function
                                ;; turn the most likely error into a nice
                                ;; and self-explaining symbol that can be
                                ;; compared in a `should'
-                               (if (string= (cadr err) "Buffer format not recognized")
+                               (if (equal (error-slot-value err 1)
+                                          "Buffer format not recognized")
                                    'signature-not-recognized
-                                 (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+                                 (signal err)))))
                  (should (eq type (quote ,type)))))
            (when buffer (kill-buffer buffer))
            (dolist (file (list member archive))
diff --git a/test/lisp/autorevert-tests.el b/test/lisp/autorevert-tests.el
index 8a0ce146fbb..a43a45fa0ee 100644
--- a/test/lisp/autorevert-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/autorevert-tests.el
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ It is checked for buffer-local `auto-revert-notify-watch-descriptor'."
         (tramp-dissect-file-name auto-revert--test-rootdir) t 'keep-password)
        (condition-case err
            (funcall (ert-test-body ert-test))
-         (error (message "%s" err) (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))))
+         (error (message "%s" err) (signal err))))))
 
 (defmacro with-auto-revert-test (&rest body)
   (declare (debug t))
diff --git a/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug-tests.el b/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug-tests.el
index c93dfad0a0d..61e909437c7 100644
--- a/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug-tests.el
@@ -120,8 +120,7 @@ back to the top level.")
                 (eval-buffer)
                 ,@body
                 (when edebug-tests-failure-in-post-command
-                  (signal (car edebug-tests-failure-in-post-command)
-                          (cdr edebug-tests-failure-in-post-command))))
+                  (signal edebug-tests-failure-in-post-command)))
             (unload-feature 'edebug-test-code)
             (with-current-buffer (find-file-noselect edebug-tests-temp-file)
               (set-buffer-modified-p nil))
@@ -246,7 +245,7 @@ keyboard macro."
             (funcall thunk)
           (error
            (setq edebug-tests-failure-in-post-command err)
-           (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+           (signal err))))
       (setq edebug-tests-kbd-macro-index executing-kbd-macro-index))))
 
 (defvar edebug-tests-func nil
diff --git a/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/pp-tests.el b/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/pp-tests.el
index ed4c9fcf978..c4e93e16005 100644
--- a/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/pp-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/emacs-lisp/pp-tests.el
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
             (invalid-read-syntax
              (message "Invalid fill result with i=%d:\n%s"
                       i (buffer-string))
-             (signal (car err) (cdr err))
+             (signal err)
              ))))))))
 
 (ert-deftest pp-tests--bug76715 ()
diff --git a/test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el b/test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el
index 28d773ca616..265821ed439 100644
--- a/test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ The temporary file is not created."
                           (: "Making symbolic link"
                              (? ":") " Operation not permitted")))
                (error-message-string err))
-        (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+        (signal err)))))
 
 ;; Don't print messages in nested `tramp--test-instrument-test-case' calls.
 (defvar tramp--test-instrument-test-case-p nil
@@ -4290,7 +4290,7 @@ This tests also `file-executable-p', `file-writable-p' and `set-file-modes'."
      (file-error
       (unless (string-prefix-p "error with add-name-to-file"
                                (error-message-string err))
-        (signal (car err) (cdr err))))))
+        (signal err)))))
 
 (ert-deftest tramp-test21-file-links ()
   "Check `file-symlink-p'.
diff --git a/test/lisp/proced-tests.el b/test/lisp/proced-tests.el
index fce3c2bc048..52d1e8850ca 100644
--- a/test/lisp/proced-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/proced-tests.el
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@
   (proced--move-to-column "%CPU")
   (condition-case err
       (>= (proced--cpu-at-point) cpu)
-    (ert-test-skipped (signal (car err) (cdr err)))
+    (ert-test-skipped (signal err))
     (error
      (ert-fail
       (list err (proced--assert-process-valid-cpu-refinement-explainer cpu))))))
diff --git a/test/lisp/vc/vc-git-tests.el b/test/lisp/vc/vc-git-tests.el
index e93ee72210d..96fa3d65c05 100644
--- a/test/lisp/vc/vc-git-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/vc/vc-git-tests.el
@@ -111,7 +111,7 @@ If the exit status is non-zero, log the command output and re-throw."
         (apply 'vc-git-command t 0 nil args)
       (t (message "Error running Git: %s" err)
          (message "(buffer-string:\n%s\n)" (buffer-string))
-         (signal (car err) (cdr err))))
+         (signal err)))
     (buffer-string)))
 
 (defun vc-git-test--start-branch ()
diff --git a/test/lisp/vc/vc-tests/vc-tests.el b/test/lisp/vc/vc-tests/vc-tests.el
index ca79a340a46..737ee09415e 100644
--- a/test/lisp/vc/vc-tests/vc-tests.el
+++ b/test/lisp/vc/vc-tests/vc-tests.el
@@ -238,8 +238,7 @@ For backends which don't support it, `vc-not-supported' is signaled."
 Catch the `vc-not-supported' error."
   `(condition-case err
        (funcall ,func ,@args)
-     (vc-not-supported 'vc-not-supported)
-     (t (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+     (vc-not-supported 'vc-not-supported)))
 
 (defun vc-test--register (backend)
   "Register and unregister a file.
diff --git a/test/src/filelock-tests.el b/test/src/filelock-tests.el
index 795039cd9cb..1a4497c5377 100644
--- a/test/src/filelock-tests.el
+++ b/test/src/filelock-tests.el
@@ -137,8 +137,7 @@ the case)."
 
    ;; Errors from `unlock-buffer' should call
    ;; `userlock--handle-unlock-error' (bug#46397).
-   (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'userlock--handle-unlock-error)
-              (lambda (err) (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+   (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'userlock--handle-unlock-error) #'signal))
      (should (equal '(file-error "Unlocking file")
                     (seq-subseq (should-error (unlock-buffer)) 0 2))))))
 
@@ -160,8 +159,7 @@ the case)."
    ;; File errors from unlocking files should call
    ;; `userlock--handle-unlock-error' (bug#46397).
    (cl-letf (((symbol-function 'yes-or-no-p) #'always)
-             ((symbol-function 'userlock--handle-unlock-error)
-              (lambda (err) (signal (car err) (cdr err)))))
+             ((symbol-function 'userlock--handle-unlock-error) #'signal err))
      (should (equal '(file-error "Unlocking file")
                     (seq-subseq (should-error (kill-buffer)) 0 2))))))
 
diff --git a/test/src/process-tests.el b/test/src/process-tests.el
index 2cc5b37b187..55657a23fa9 100644
--- a/test/src/process-tests.el
+++ b/test/src/process-tests.el
@@ -546,7 +546,7 @@ See Bug#30460."
           ;; all `file-error' signals.
           (and ,message
                (not (string-equal (caddr ,err) ,message))
-               (signal (car ,err) (cdr ,err))))))))
+               (signal ,err)))))))
 
 (defmacro process-tests--with-buffers (var &rest body)
   "Bind VAR to nil and evaluate BODY.