Go back to grave quoting in source-code docstrings etc.

This reverts almost all my recent changes to use curved quotes
in docstrings and/or strings used for error diagnostics.
There are a few exceptions, e.g., Bahá’í proper names.
* admin/unidata/unidata-gen.el (unidata-gen-table):
* lisp/abbrev.el (expand-region-abbrevs):
* lisp/align.el (align-region):
* lisp/allout.el (allout-mode, allout-solicit-alternate-bullet)
(outlineify-sticky):
* lisp/apropos.el (apropos-library):
* lisp/bookmark.el (bookmark-default-annotation-text):
* lisp/button.el (button-category-symbol, button-put)
(make-text-button):
* lisp/calc/calc-aent.el (math-read-if, math-read-factor):
* lisp/calc/calc-embed.el (calc-do-embedded):
* lisp/calc/calc-ext.el (calc-user-function-list):
* lisp/calc/calc-graph.el (calc-graph-show-dumb):
* lisp/calc/calc-help.el (calc-describe-key)
(calc-describe-thing, calc-full-help):
* lisp/calc/calc-lang.el (calc-c-language)
(math-parse-fortran-vector-end, math-parse-tex-sum)
(math-parse-eqn-matrix, math-parse-eqn-prime)
(calc-yacas-language, calc-maxima-language, calc-giac-language)
(math-read-giac-subscr, math-read-math-subscr)
(math-read-big-rec, math-read-big-balance):
* lisp/calc/calc-misc.el (calc-help, report-calc-bug):
* lisp/calc/calc-mode.el (calc-auto-why, calc-save-modes)
(calc-auto-recompute):
* lisp/calc/calc-prog.el (calc-fix-token-name)
(calc-read-parse-table-part, calc-user-define-invocation)
(math-do-arg-check):
* lisp/calc/calc-store.el (calc-edit-variable):
* lisp/calc/calc-units.el (math-build-units-table-buffer):
* lisp/calc/calc-vec.el (math-read-brackets):
* lisp/calc/calc-yank.el (calc-edit-mode):
* lisp/calc/calc.el (calc, calc-do, calc-user-invocation):
* lisp/calendar/appt.el (appt-display-message):
* lisp/calendar/diary-lib.el (diary-check-diary-file)
(diary-mail-entries, diary-from-outlook):
* lisp/calendar/icalendar.el (icalendar-export-region)
(icalendar--convert-float-to-ical)
(icalendar--convert-date-to-ical)
(icalendar--convert-ical-to-diary)
(icalendar--convert-recurring-to-diary)
(icalendar--add-diary-entry):
* lisp/calendar/time-date.el (format-seconds):
* lisp/calendar/timeclock.el (timeclock-mode-line-display)
(timeclock-make-hours-explicit, timeclock-log-data):
* lisp/calendar/todo-mode.el (todo-prefix, todo-delete-category)
(todo-item-mark, todo-check-format)
(todo-insert-item--next-param, todo-edit-item--next-key)
(todo-mode):
* lisp/cedet/ede/pmake.el (ede-proj-makefile-insert-dist-rules):
* lisp/cedet/mode-local.el (describe-mode-local-overload)
(mode-local-print-binding, mode-local-describe-bindings-2):
* lisp/cedet/semantic/complete.el (semantic-displayor-show-request):
* lisp/cedet/srecode/srt-mode.el (srecode-macro-help):
* lisp/cus-start.el (standard):
* lisp/cus-theme.el (describe-theme-1):
* lisp/custom.el (custom-add-dependencies, custom-check-theme)
(custom--sort-vars-1, load-theme):
* lisp/descr-text.el (describe-text-properties-1, describe-char):
* lisp/dired-x.el (dired-do-run-mail):
* lisp/dired.el (dired-log):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/advice.el (ad-read-advised-function)
(ad-read-advice-class, ad-read-advice-name, ad-enable-advice)
(ad-disable-advice, ad-remove-advice, ad-set-argument)
(ad-set-arguments, ad--defalias-fset, ad-activate)
(ad-deactivate):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-opt.el (byte-compile-inline-expand)
(byte-compile-unfold-lambda, byte-optimize-form-code-walker)
(byte-optimize-while, byte-optimize-apply):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el (defun, defsubst):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/bytecomp.el (byte-compile-lapcode)
(byte-compile-log-file, byte-compile-format-warn)
(byte-compile-nogroup-warn, byte-compile-arglist-warn)
(byte-compile-cl-warn)
(byte-compile-warn-about-unresolved-functions)
(byte-compile-file, byte-compile--declare-var)
(byte-compile-file-form-defmumble, byte-compile-form)
(byte-compile-normal-call, byte-compile-check-variable)
(byte-compile-variable-ref, byte-compile-variable-set)
(byte-compile-subr-wrong-args, byte-compile-setq-default)
(byte-compile-negation-optimizer)
(byte-compile-condition-case--old)
(byte-compile-condition-case--new, byte-compile-save-excursion)
(byte-compile-defvar, byte-compile-autoload)
(byte-compile-lambda-form)
(byte-compile-make-variable-buffer-local, display-call-tree)
(batch-byte-compile):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cconv.el (cconv-convert, cconv--analyze-use):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/chart.el (chart-space-usage):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/check-declare.el (check-declare-scan)
(check-declare-warn, check-declare-file)
(check-declare-directory):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/checkdoc.el (checkdoc-this-string-valid-engine)
(checkdoc-message-text-engine):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el (cl-parse-integer)
(cl--describe-class):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el (cl-defgeneric)
(cl--generic-describe, cl-generic-generalizers):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-macs.el (cl--parse-loop-clause, cl-tagbody)
(cl-symbol-macrolet):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl.el (cl-unload-function, flet):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/copyright.el (copyright)
(copyright-update-directory):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug.el (edebug-read-list):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-base.el (eieio-persistent-read):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-core.el (eieio--slot-override)
(eieio-oref):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-opt.el (eieio-help-constructor):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-speedbar.el:
(eieio-speedbar-child-make-tag-lines)
(eieio-speedbar-child-description):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio.el (defclass, change-class):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/elint.el (elint-file, elint-get-top-forms)
(elint-init-form, elint-check-defalias-form)
(elint-check-let-form):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/ert.el (ert-get-test, ert-results-mode-menu)
(ert-results-pop-to-backtrace-for-test-at-point)
(ert-results-pop-to-messages-for-test-at-point)
(ert-results-pop-to-should-forms-for-test-at-point)
(ert-describe-test):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/find-func.el (find-function-search-for-symbol)
(find-function-library):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/generator.el (iter-yield):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/gv.el (gv-define-simple-setter):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp-mnt.el (lm-verify):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el (macroexp--obsolete-warning):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el (map-y-or-n-p):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el (advice--make-docstring)
(advice--make, define-advice):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/package-x.el (package-upload-file):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el (package-version-join)
(package-disabled-p, package-activate-1, package-activate)
(package--download-one-archive)
(package--download-and-read-archives)
(package-compute-transaction, package-install-from-archive)
(package-install, package-install-selected-packages)
(package-delete, package-autoremove, describe-package-1)
(package-install-button-action, package-delete-button-action)
(package-menu-hide-package, package-menu--list-to-prompt)
(package-menu--perform-transaction)
(package-menu--find-and-notify-upgrades):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/pcase.el (pcase-exhaustive, pcase--u1):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/re-builder.el (reb-enter-subexp-mode):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/ring.el (ring-previous, ring-next):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/rx.el (rx-check, rx-anything)
(rx-check-any-string, rx-check-any, rx-check-not, rx-=)
(rx-repeat, rx-check-backref, rx-syntax, rx-check-category)
(rx-form):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/smie.el (smie-config-save):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/subr-x.el (internal--check-binding):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el (tabulated-list-put-tag):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/testcover.el (testcover-1value):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el (timer-event-handler):
* lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el (viper-toggle-parse-sexp-ignore-comments)
(viper-toggle-search-style, viper-kill-buffer)
(viper-brac-function):
* lisp/emulation/viper-macs.el (viper-record-kbd-macro):
* lisp/env.el (setenv):
* lisp/erc/erc-button.el (erc-nick-popup):
* lisp/erc/erc.el (erc-cmd-LOAD, erc-handle-login, english):
* lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el (eshell/cd):
* lisp/eshell/em-glob.el (eshell-glob-regexp)
(eshell-glob-entries):
* lisp/eshell/em-pred.el (eshell-parse-modifiers):
* lisp/eshell/esh-opt.el (eshell-show-usage):
* lisp/facemenu.el (facemenu-add-new-face)
(facemenu-add-new-color):
* lisp/faces.el (read-face-name, read-face-font, describe-face)
(x-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/files-x.el (modify-file-local-variable):
* lisp/files.el (locate-user-emacs-file, find-alternate-file)
(set-auto-mode, hack-one-local-variable--obsolete)
(dir-locals-set-directory-class, write-file, basic-save-buffer)
(delete-directory, copy-directory, recover-session)
(recover-session-finish, insert-directory)
(file-modes-char-to-who, file-modes-symbolic-to-number)
(move-file-to-trash):
* lisp/filesets.el (filesets-add-buffer, filesets-remove-buffer):
* lisp/find-cmd.el (find-generic, find-to-string):
* lisp/finder.el (finder-commentary):
* lisp/font-lock.el (font-lock-fontify-buffer):
* lisp/format.el (format-write-file, format-find-file)
(format-insert-file):
* lisp/frame.el (get-device-terminal, select-frame-by-name):
* lisp/fringe.el (fringe--check-style):
* lisp/gnus/nnmairix.el (nnmairix-widget-create-query):
* lisp/help-fns.el (help-fns--key-bindings)
(help-fns--compiler-macro, help-fns--parent-mode)
(help-fns--obsolete, help-fns--interactive-only)
(describe-function-1, describe-variable):
* lisp/help.el (describe-mode)
(describe-minor-mode-from-indicator):
* lisp/image.el (image-type):
* lisp/international/ccl.el (ccl-dump):
* lisp/international/fontset.el (x-must-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/international/mule-cmds.el (prefer-coding-system)
(select-safe-coding-system-interactively)
(select-safe-coding-system, activate-input-method)
(toggle-input-method, describe-current-input-method)
(describe-language-environment):
* lisp/international/mule-conf.el (code-offset):
* lisp/international/mule-diag.el (describe-character-set)
(list-input-methods-1):
* lisp/mail/feedmail.el (feedmail-run-the-queue):
* lisp/mouse.el (minor-mode-menu-from-indicator):
* lisp/mpc.el (mpc-playlist-rename):
* lisp/msb.el (msb--choose-menu):
* lisp/net/ange-ftp.el (ange-ftp-shell-command):
* lisp/net/imap.el (imap-interactive-login):
* lisp/net/mairix.el (mairix-widget-create-query):
* lisp/net/newst-backend.el (newsticker--sentinel-work):
* lisp/net/newst-treeview.el (newsticker--treeview-load):
* lisp/net/rlogin.el (rlogin):
* lisp/obsolete/iswitchb.el (iswitchb-possible-new-buffer):
* lisp/obsolete/otodo-mode.el (todo-more-important-p):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-gpg.el (pgg-gpg-process-region):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-pgp.el (pgg-pgp-process-region):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-pgp5.el (pgg-pgp5-process-region):
* lisp/org/ob-core.el (org-babel-goto-named-src-block)
(org-babel-goto-named-result):
* lisp/org/ob-fortran.el (org-babel-fortran-ensure-main-wrap):
* lisp/org/ob-ref.el (org-babel-ref-resolve):
* lisp/org/org-agenda.el (org-agenda-prepare):
* lisp/org/org-clock.el (org-clock-notify-once-if-expired)
(org-clock-resolve):
* lisp/org/org-ctags.el (org-ctags-ask-rebuild-tags-file-then-find-tag):
* lisp/org/org-feed.el (org-feed-parse-atom-entry):
* lisp/org/org-habit.el (org-habit-parse-todo):
* lisp/org/org-mouse.el (org-mouse-popup-global-menu)
(org-mouse-context-menu):
* lisp/org/org-table.el (org-table-edit-formulas):
* lisp/org/ox.el (org-export-async-start):
* lisp/proced.el (proced-log):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el (ada-get-indent-case)
(ada-check-matching-start, ada-goto-matching-start):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el (ada-prj-display-page):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el (ada-find-executable):
* lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el (ebrowse-tags-apropos):
* lisp/progmodes/etags.el (etags-tags-apropos-additional):
* lisp/progmodes/flymake.el (flymake-parse-err-lines)
(flymake-start-syntax-check-process):
* lisp/progmodes/python.el (python-shell-get-process-or-error)
(python-define-auxiliary-skeleton):
* lisp/progmodes/sql.el (sql-comint):
* lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el (verilog-load-file-at-point):
* lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el (vhdl-widget-directory-validate):
* lisp/recentf.el (recentf-open-files):
* lisp/replace.el (query-replace-read-from)
(occur-after-change-function, occur-1):
* lisp/scroll-bar.el (scroll-bar-columns):
* lisp/server.el (server-get-auth-key):
* lisp/simple.el (execute-extended-command)
(undo-outer-limit-truncate, list-processes--refresh)
(compose-mail, set-variable, choose-completion-string)
(define-alternatives):
* lisp/startup.el (site-run-file, tty-handle-args, command-line)
(command-line-1):
* lisp/subr.el (noreturn, define-error, add-to-list)
(read-char-choice, version-to-list):
* lisp/term/common-win.el (x-handle-xrm-switch)
(x-handle-name-switch, x-handle-args):
* lisp/term/x-win.el (x-handle-parent-id, x-handle-smid):
* lisp/textmodes/reftex-ref.el (reftex-label):
* lisp/textmodes/reftex-toc.el (reftex-toc-rename-label):
* lisp/textmodes/two-column.el (2C-split):
* lisp/tutorial.el (tutorial--describe-nonstandard-key)
(tutorial--find-changed-keys):
* lisp/type-break.el (type-break-noninteractive-query):
* lisp/wdired.el (wdired-do-renames, wdired-do-symlink-changes)
(wdired-do-perm-changes):
* lisp/whitespace.el (whitespace-report-region):
Prefer grave quoting in source-code strings used to generate help
and diagnostics.
* lisp/faces.el (face-documentation):
No need to convert quotes, since the result is a docstring.
* lisp/info.el (Info-virtual-index-find-node)
(Info-virtual-index, info-apropos):
Simplify by generating only curved quotes, since info files are
typically that ways nowadays anyway.
* lisp/international/mule-diag.el (list-input-methods):
Don’t assume text quoting style is curved.
* lisp/org/org-bibtex.el (org-bibtex-fields):
Revert my recent changes, going back to the old quoting style.

13 files changed, 48 insertions, 48 deletions

diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
index 70af389519c..452f3b99742 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el
@@ -286,11 +286,11 @@ type A is
   :type 'boolean :group 'ada)
 
 (defcustom ada-indent-is-separate t
-  "Non-nil means indent ‘is separate’ or ‘is abstract’ if on a single line."
+  "Non-nil means indent `is separate' or `is abstract' if on a single line."
   :type 'boolean :group 'ada)
 
 (defcustom ada-indent-record-rel-type 3
-  "Indentation for ‘record’ relative to ‘type’ or ‘use’.
+  "Indentation for `record' relative to `type' or `use'.
 
 An example is:
    type A is
@@ -397,7 +397,7 @@ Must be one of :
   :group 'ada)
 
 (defcustom ada-use-indent ada-broken-indent
-  "Indentation for the lines in a ‘use’ statement.
+  "Indentation for the lines in a `use' statement.
 
 An example is:
    use Ada.Text_IO,
@@ -405,7 +405,7 @@ An example is:
   :type 'integer :group 'ada)
 
 (defcustom ada-when-indent 3
-  "Indentation for ‘when’ relative to ‘exception’ or ‘case’.
+  "Indentation for `when' relative to `exception' or `case'.
 
 An example is:
    case A is
@@ -413,7 +413,7 @@ An example is:
   :type 'integer :group 'ada)
 
 (defcustom ada-with-indent ada-broken-indent
-  "Indentation for the lines in a ‘with’ statement.
+  "Indentation for the lines in a `with' statement.
 
 An example is:
    with Ada.Text_IO,
@@ -2834,7 +2834,7 @@ ORGPOINT is the limit position used in the calculation."
       (save-excursion
         (goto-char (car match-cons))
         (unless (ada-search-ignore-string-comment "when" t opos)
-          (error "Missing ‘when’ between ‘case’ and ‘=>’"))
+          (error "Missing `when' between `case' and `=>'"))
         (list (save-excursion (back-to-indentation) (point)) 'ada-indent)))
      ;;
      ;; case..is..when
@@ -3003,7 +3003,7 @@ ORGPOINT is the limit position used in the calculation."
       (list cur-indent 'ada-broken-indent)))))
 
 (defun ada-get-indent-noindent (orgpoint)
-  "Calculate the indentation when point is just before a ‘noindent stmt’.
+  "Calculate the indentation when point is just before a `noindent stmt'.
 ORGPOINT is the limit position used in the calculation."
   (let ((label 0))
     (save-excursion
@@ -3429,7 +3429,7 @@ Return the new position of point or nil if not found."
 Moves point to the matching block start."
   (ada-goto-matching-start 0)
   (unless (looking-at (concat "\\<" keyword "\\>"))
-    (error "Matching start is not ‘%s’" keyword)))
+    (error "Matching start is not `%s'" keyword)))
 
 
 (defun ada-check-defun-name (defun-name)
@@ -3667,7 +3667,7 @@ otherwise throw error."
   "Move point to the beginning of a block-start.
 Which block depends on the value of NEST-LEVEL, which defaults to zero.
 If NOERROR is non-nil, it only returns nil if no matching start was found.
-If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the ‘then’ following ‘if’."
+If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the `then' following `if'."
   (let ((nest-count (if nest-level nest-level 0))
         (found nil)
 
@@ -3734,7 +3734,7 @@ If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the ‘then’ following ‘if’."
                 (if pos
                     (goto-char (car pos))
                   (error (concat
-                          "No matching ‘is’ or ‘renames’ for ‘package’ at"
+                          "No matching `is' or `renames' for `package' at"
                           " line "
                           (number-to-string (count-lines 1 (1+ current)))))))
               (unless (looking-at "renames")
@@ -3862,7 +3862,7 @@ If GOTOTHEN is non-nil, point moves to the ‘then’ following ‘if’."
              ((looking-at "do")
               (unless (ada-search-ignore-string-comment
                        "\\<accept\\|return\\>" t)
-                (error "Missing ‘accept’ or ‘return’ in front of ‘do’"))))
+                (error "Missing `accept' or `return' in front of `do'"))))
             (point))
 
         (if noerror
@@ -4073,7 +4073,7 @@ Assumes point to be at the end of a statement."
 
 
 (defun ada-looking-at-semi-or ()
-  "Return t if looking at an ‘or’ following a semicolon."
+  "Return t if looking at an `or' following a semicolon."
   (save-excursion
     (and (looking-at "\\<or\\>")
          (progn
@@ -4146,7 +4146,7 @@ Return nil if the private is part of the package name, as in
                            "type\\)\\>"))))))
 
 (defun ada-search-ignore-complex-boolean (regexp backwardp)
-  "Search for REGEXP, ignoring comments, strings, ‘and then’, ‘or else’.
+  "Search for REGEXP, ignoring comments, strings, `and then', `or else'.
 If BACKWARDP is non-nil, search backward; search forward otherwise."
   (let (result)
   (while (and (setq result (ada-search-ignore-string-comment regexp backwardp))
@@ -4366,7 +4366,7 @@ of the region.  Otherwise, operate only on the current line."
 
 (defun ada-move-to-end ()
   "Move point to the end of the block around point.
-Moves to ‘begin’ if in a declarative part."
+Moves to `begin' if in a declarative part."
   (interactive)
   (let ((pos (point))
         decl-start)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el b/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el
index 7e354bc2b0f..3b71c5987ed 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el
@@ -309,13 +309,13 @@ where the compilation is done.")
 "If you want to remotely compile, debug and
 run your application, specify the name of a
 remote machine here. This capability requires
-the ‘rsh’ protocol on the remote machine.")
+the `rsh' protocol on the remote machine.")
     (ada-prj-field 'cross_prefix "Prefix used in for the cross tool chain"
 "When working on multiple cross targets, it is
 most convenient to specify the prefix of the
 tool chain here. For instance, on PowerPc
-vxworks, you would enter ‘powerpc-wrs-vxworks-’.
-To use JGNAT, enter ‘j’.")
+vxworks, you would enter `powerpc-wrs-vxworks-'.
+To use JGNAT, enter `j'.")
     )
 
 
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el b/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el
index 6f2f78f7f19..816de12cbdb 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el
@@ -286,7 +286,7 @@ On Windows systems, this will properly handle .exe extension as well."
                     (ada-find-file-in-dir (concat exec-name ".exe") exec-path))))
     (if result
         result
-      (error "‘%s’ not found in path" exec-name))))
+      (error "`%s' not found in path" exec-name))))
 
 (defun ada-initialize-runtime-library (cross-prefix)
   "Initialize the variables for the runtime library location.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el b/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
index 2443d6f8ca9..80f9e2a7719 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el
@@ -3471,7 +3471,7 @@ are not performed."
     (with-output-to-temp-buffer (concat "*Apropos Members*")
       (set-buffer standard-output)
       (erase-buffer)
-      (insert (format-message "Members matching ‘%s’\n\n" regexp))
+      (insert (format-message "Members matching `%s'\n\n" regexp))
       (cl-loop for s in (ebrowse-list-of-matching-members members regexp) do
                (cl-loop for info in (gethash s members) do
                         (ebrowse-draw-file-member-info info))))))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/etags.el b/lisp/progmodes/etags.el
index 83ee2a484f7..0d5fc3a3cd3 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/etags.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/etags.el
@@ -1459,7 +1459,7 @@ hits the start of file."
         (when (symbolp symbs)
           (if (boundp symbs)
               (setq symbs (symbol-value symbs))
-            (insert (format-message "symbol ‘%s’ has no value\n" symbs))
+            (insert (format-message "symbol `%s' has no value\n" symbs))
             (setq symbs nil)))
         (if (vectorp symbs)
             (mapatoms ins-symb symbs)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el b/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el
index f220633fefa..a9d47431e51 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/flymake.el
@@ -287,7 +287,7 @@ Return its file name if found, or nil if not found."
             nil)))))
 
 (defun flymake-fix-file-name (name)
-  "Replace all occurrences of ‘\\’ with ‘/’."
+  "Replace all occurrences of `\\' with `/'."
   (when name
     (setq name (expand-file-name name))
     (setq name (abbreviate-file-name name))
@@ -785,7 +785,7 @@ Perhaps use text from LINE-ERR-INFO-LIST to enhance highlighting."
         (when (flymake-same-files real-file-name source-file-name)
           (setq line-err-info (flymake-ler-set-file line-err-info nil))
           (setq err-info-list (flymake-add-err-info err-info-list line-err-info))))
-      (flymake-log 3 "parsed ‘%s’, %s line-err-info" (nth idx lines) (if line-err-info "got" "no"))
+      (flymake-log 3 "parsed `%s', %s line-err-info" (nth idx lines) (if line-err-info "got" "no"))
       (setq idx (1+ idx)))
     err-info-list))
 
@@ -1086,7 +1086,7 @@ For the format of LINE-ERR-INFO, see `flymake-ler-make-ler'."
     (error
      (let* ((err-str
              (format-message
-              "Failed to launch syntax check process ‘%s’ with args %s: %s"
+              "Failed to launch syntax check process `%s' with args %s: %s"
               cmd args (error-message-string err)))
             (source-file-name buffer-file-name)
             (cleanup-f        (flymake-get-cleanup-function source-file-name)))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el b/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el
index ce2f830ec42..50ebadf733b 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/idlw-shell.el
@@ -229,7 +229,7 @@ to set this option to nil."
 
 (defcustom idlwave-shell-file-name-chars "~/A-Za-z0-9+:_.$#%={}\\- "
   "The characters allowed in file names, as a string.
-Used for file name completion.  Must not contain ‘'’, ‘,’ and ‘\"’
+Used for file name completion.  Must not contain `\\='', `,' and `\"'
 because these are used as separators by IDL."
   :group 'idlwave-shell-general-setup
   :type 'string)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el b/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
index 9930d501d4d..b524b761b75 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ The actions that can be performed are listed in `idlwave-indent-action-table'."
 (defcustom idlwave-abbrev-start-char "\\"
   "A single character string used to start abbreviations in abbrev mode.
 Possible characters to choose from: ~\\=`\%
-or even ‘?’.  ‘.’ is not a good choice because it can make structure
+or even `?'.  `.' is not a good choice because it can make structure
 field names act like abbrevs in certain circumstances.
 
 Changes to this in `idlwave-mode-hook' will have no effect.  Instead a user
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el
index 9abbf16ed5d..4f46cbe6357 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/make-mode.el
@@ -1455,7 +1455,7 @@ Fill comments, backslashed lines, and variable definitions specially."
 
 (defun makefile-browser-insert-continuation ()
   "Insert a makefile continuation.
-In the makefile buffer, go to (end-of-line), insert a ‘\\’
+In the makefile buffer, go to (end-of-line), insert a `\\'
 character, insert a new blank line, go to that line and indent by one TAB.
 This is most useful in the process of creating continued lines when copying
 large dependencies from the browser to the client buffer.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/python.el b/lisp/progmodes/python.el
index a95206463b6..9528ffeebbc 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/python.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/python.el
@@ -2819,7 +2819,7 @@ of `error' with a user-friendly message."
   (or (python-shell-get-process)
       (if interactivep
           (user-error
-           "Start a Python process first with ‘%s’ or ‘%s’."
+           "Start a Python process first with `%s' or `%s'."
            (substitute-command-keys "\\[run-python]")
            ;; Get the binding.
            (key-description
@@ -4006,7 +4006,7 @@ The skeleton will be bound to python-skeleton-NAME."
   (let* ((name (symbol-name name))
          (function-name (intern (concat "python-skeleton--" name)))
          (msg (format-message
-               "Add ‘%s’ clause? " name)))
+               "Add `%s' clause? " name)))
     (when (not skel)
       (setq skel
             `(< ,(format "%s:" name) \n \n
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/sql.el b/lisp/progmodes/sql.el
index f46c8a99b67..cbf65c0a803 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/sql.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/sql.el
@@ -4276,7 +4276,7 @@ passed as command line arguments."
     ;; work for remote hosts; we suppress the check there.
     (unless (or (file-remote-p default-directory)
                 (executable-find program))
-      (error "Unable to locate SQL program ‘%s’" program))
+      (error "Unable to locate SQL program `%s'" program))
     ;; Make sure buffer name is unique.
     (when (sql-buffer-live-p (format "*%s*" buf-name))
       (setq buf-name (format "SQL-%s" product))
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
index caae746779e..f83c676396d 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
@@ -4477,7 +4477,7 @@ More specifically, after a generate and before an endgenerate."
     (= nest 0) )) ; return nest
 
 (defun verilog-in-deferred-immediate-final-p ()
-  "Return true if inside an ‘assert/assume/cover final’ statement."
+  "Return true if inside an `assert/assume/cover final' statement."
   (interactive)
   (and (looking-at "final")
        (verilog-looking-back "\\<\\(?:assert\\|assume\\|cover\\)\\>\\s-+" nil))
@@ -7221,7 +7221,7 @@ will be completed at runtime and should not be added to this list.")
 
 (defun verilog-func-completion (type)
   "Build regular expression for module/task/function names.
-TYPE is ‘module’, ‘tf’ for task or function, or t if unknown."
+TYPE is `module', `tf' for task or function, or t if unknown."
   (if (string= verilog-str "")
       (setq verilog-str "[a-zA-Z_]"))
   (let ((verilog-str (concat (cond
@@ -7294,7 +7294,7 @@ must be a function to be called for every match to check if this should
 really be a match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is t, the function returns a list of
 all possible completions.  If VERILOG-FLAG is nil it returns a string,
 the longest possible completion, or t if VERILOG-STR is an exact match.
-If VERILOG-FLAG is ‘lambda’, the function returns t if VERILOG-STR is an
+If VERILOG-FLAG is `lambda', the function returns t if VERILOG-STR is an
 exact match, nil otherwise."
   (save-excursion
     (let ((verilog-all nil))
@@ -7489,7 +7489,7 @@ VERILOG-PRED is non-nil, it must be a function to be called for every match
 to check if this should really be a match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is t, the
 function returns a list of all possible completions.  If it is nil it
 returns a string, the longest possible completion, or t if VERILOG-STR is
-an exact match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is ‘lambda’, the function returns t if
+an exact match.  If VERILOG-FLAG is `lambda', the function returns t if
 VERILOG-STR is an exact match, nil otherwise."
   (save-excursion
     (let ((verilog-all nil)
@@ -10099,7 +10099,7 @@ if non-nil."
 
 ;; Combined
 (defun verilog-decls-get-signals (decls)
-  "Return all declared signals in DECLS, excluding ‘assign’ statements."
+  "Return all declared signals in DECLS, excluding `assign' statements."
   (append
    (verilog-decls-get-outputs decls)
    (verilog-decls-get-inouts decls)
@@ -11484,14 +11484,14 @@ Lisp Templates:
   Lisp functions:
 
         vl-name        Name portion of the input/output port.
-        vl-bits        Bus bits portion of the input/output port (‘[2:0]’).
-        vl-mbits       Multidimensional array bits for port (‘[2:0][3:0]’).
-        vl-width       Width of the input/output port (‘3’ for [2:0]).
+        vl-bits        Bus bits portion of the input/output port (`[2:0]').
+        vl-mbits       Multidimensional array bits for port (`[2:0][3:0]').
+        vl-width       Width of the input/output port (`3' for [2:0]).
                        May be a (...) expression if bits isn't a constant.
         vl-dir         Direction of the pin input/output/inout/interface.
         vl-modport     The modport, if an interface with a modport.
-        vl-cell-type   Module name/type of the cell (‘InstModule’).
-        vl-cell-name   Instance name of the cell (‘instName’).
+        vl-cell-type   Module name/type of the cell (`InstModule').
+        vl-cell-name   Instance name of the cell (`instName').
 
   Normal Lisp variables may be used in expressions.  See
   `verilog-read-defines' which can set vh-{definename} variables for use
@@ -14177,7 +14177,7 @@ Files are checked based on `verilog-library-flags'."
                              (match-string 1) (buffer-file-name))))
           (when warn
             (message
-             "File ‘%s’ isn't readable, use shift-mouse2 to paste in this field"
+             "File `%s' isn't readable, use shift-mouse2 to paste in this field"
              (match-string 1))))))))
 
 
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el
index 34ac5995568..19a7e970a60 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el
@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@
 '/' or is empty)."
   (let ((val (widget-value widget)))
     (unless (string-match "^\\(\\|.*/\\)$" val)
-      (widget-put widget :error "Invalid directory entry: must end with ‘/’")
+      (widget-put widget :error "Invalid directory entry: must end with `/'")
       widget)))
 
 ;; help string for user options
@@ -5714,7 +5714,7 @@ the offset is simply returned."
        (t nil)))))
 
 (defun vhdl-in-extended-identifier-p ()
-  "Determine if point is inside extended identifier (delimited by ‘\\’)."
+  "Determine if point is inside extended identifier (delimited by `\\')."
   (save-match-data
     (and (save-excursion (re-search-backward "\\\\" (vhdl-point 'bol) t))
          (save-excursion (re-search-forward "\\\\" (vhdl-point 'eol) t)))))
@@ -8743,7 +8743,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
               (vhdl-comment-insert)))))
     (self-insert-command count)))
 
-(defun vhdl-electric-open-bracket (count) "‘[’ --> ‘(’, ‘([’ --> ‘[’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-open-bracket (count) "`[' --> `(', `([' --> `['"
   (interactive "p")
   (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
       (if (= (preceding-char) ?\()
@@ -8751,7 +8751,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
         (insert-char ?\( 1))
     (self-insert-command count)))
 
-(defun vhdl-electric-close-bracket (count) "‘]’ --> ‘)’, ‘)]’ --> ‘]’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-close-bracket (count) "`]' --> `)', `)]' --> `]'"
   (interactive "p")
   (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
       (progn
@@ -8769,7 +8769,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
         (insert-char ?\' 1))
     (self-insert-command count)))
 
-(defun vhdl-electric-semicolon (count) "‘;;’ --> ‘ : ’, ‘: ;’ --> ‘ := ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-semicolon (count) "`;;' --> ` : ', `: ;' --> ` := '"
   (interactive "p")
   (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
       (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
@@ -8783,7 +8783,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
             (t (insert-char ?\; 1)))
     (self-insert-command count)))
 
-(defun vhdl-electric-comma (count) "‘,,’ --> ‘ <= ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-comma (count) "`,,' --> ` <= '"
   (interactive "p")
   (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
       (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
@@ -8793,7 +8793,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
             (t (insert-char ?\, 1)))
     (self-insert-command count)))
 
-(defun vhdl-electric-period (count) "‘..’ --> ‘ => ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-period (count) "`..' --> ` => '"
   (interactive "p")
   (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
       (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)
@@ -8803,7 +8803,7 @@ is omitted or nil."
             (t (insert-char ?\. 1)))
     (self-insert-command count)))
 
-(defun vhdl-electric-equal (count) "‘==’ --> ‘ == ’"
+(defun vhdl-electric-equal (count) "`==' --> ` == '"
   (interactive "p")
   (if (and vhdl-stutter-mode (= count 1) (not (vhdl-in-literal)))
       (cond ((= (preceding-char) vhdl-last-input-event)