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diff --git a/lisp/language/kannada.el b/lisp/language/kannada.el
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+++ b/lisp/language/kannada.el
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+;;; kannada.el --- Support for Kannada -*- coding: iso-2022-7bit; no-byte-compile: t -*-
+
+;; Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;; Maintainer:  CHOWKSEY, Kailash C. <klchxbec@m-net.arbornet.org>
+;; Keywords: multilingual, Indian, Kannada
+
+;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+;; any later version.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;; GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
+;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+;;; Commentary:
+
+;; This file defines language-info of Kannada script.
+
+;;; Code:
+
+(set-language-info-alist
+ "Kannada" '((charset mule-unicode-0100-24ff indian-is13194
+                         indian-2-column indian-glyph ;; comment out later
+                         )
+                (coding-system mule-utf-8)
+                (coding-priority mule-utf-8)
+                (input-method . "kannada-itrans")
+                (features knd-util)
+                (documentation . "\
+Kannada language and script is supported in this language
+environment.")) 
+ '("Indian"))
+
+(provide 'kannada)
+
+;;; kannada.el ends here
diff --git a/lisp/language/knd-util.el b/lisp/language/knd-util.el
new file mode 100644
index 00000000000..e0aa219fe4a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/lisp/language/knd-util.el
@@ -0,0 +1,540 @@
+;;; knd-util.el --- Support for composing Kannada characters
+
+;; Copyright (C) 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+
+;; Maintainer:  Maintainer:  CHOWKSEY, Kailash C. <klchxbec@m-net.arbornet.org>
+;; Keywords: multilingual, Kannada
+
+;; This file is part of GNU Emacs.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
+;; it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
+;; the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
+;; any later version.
+
+;; GNU Emacs is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+;; but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+;; MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+;; GNU General Public License for more details.
+
+;; You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+;; along with GNU Emacs; see the file COPYING.  If not, write to the
+;; Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
+;; Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
+
+;; Created: Jul. 14. 2003
+
+;;; Commentary:
+
+;; This file provides character(Unicode) to glyph(CDAC) conversion and
+;; composition of Kannada script characters.
+
+;;; Code:
+
+;;;###autoload
+
+;; Kannada Composable Pattern
+;;    C .. Consonants
+;;    V .. Vowel
+;;    H .. Virama
+;;    M .. Matra
+;;    V .. Vowel
+;;    (N .. Zerowidth Non Joiner)
+;;    (J .. Zerowidth Joiner.  )
+;; 1. vowel
+;;  V(A)?
+;; 2. syllable : maximum of 5 consecutive consonants.  (e.g. kartsnya)
+;;  ((CH)?(CH)?(CH)?CH)?C(H|M?)?
+
+(defconst kannada-consonant
+  "[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]")
+
+(defconst kannada-consonant-needs-twirl
+  "[$,1>u>w(B-$,1>{>}(B-$,1>~? (B-$,1?"?$(B-$,1?+?-?0?3(B-$,1?9(B]\\($,1?M(B[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]\\)*[$,1?A?B?C?D>b(B]?$")
+
+(defconst kannada-composable-pattern
+  (concat
+   "\\([$,1>b(B-$,1>t?`>l(B]\\)\\|[$,1>c(B]"
+   "\\|\\("
+   "\\(?:\\(?:[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]$,1?M(B\\)?\\(?:[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]$,1?M(B\\)?\\(?:[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]$,1?M(B\\)?[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]$,1?M(B\\)?"
+   "[$,1>u(B-$,1?9(B]\\(?:$,1?M(B\\|[$,1?>(B-$,1?M?U?C(B]?\\)?"
+   "\\)")
+  "Regexp matching a composable sequence of Kannada characters.")
+
+(defun kannada-compose-region (from to)
+  (interactive "r")
+  (save-excursion
+    (save-restriction
+      (narrow-to-region from to)
+      (goto-char (point-min))
+      (while (re-search-forward kannada-composable-pattern nil t)
+        (kannada-compose-syllable-region (match-beginning 0)
+                                            (match-end 0))))))
+(defun kannada-compose-string (string)
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (insert (decompose-string string))
+    (kannada-compose-region (point-min) (point-max))
+    (buffer-string)))
+
+(defun kannada-post-read-conversion (len)
+  (save-excursion
+    (save-restriction
+      (let ((buffer-modified-p (buffer-modified-p)))
+        (narrow-to-region (point) (+ (point) len))
+        (kannada-compose-region (point-min) (point-max))
+        (set-buffer-modified-p buffer-modified-p)
+        (- (point-max) (point-min))))))
+
+(defun kannada-range (from to)
+  "Make the list of the integers of range FROM to TO."
+  (let (result)
+    (while (<= from to) (setq result (cons to result) to (1- to))) result))
+
+(defun kannada-regexp-of-hashtbl-keys (hashtbl)
+  "Return a regular expression that matches all keys in hashtable HASHTBL."
+  (let ((max-specpdl-size 1000))
+    (regexp-opt
+     (sort
+      (let (dummy)
+        (maphash (function (lambda (key val) (setq dummy (cons key dummy)))) hashtbl)
+        dummy)
+      (function (lambda (x y) (> (length x) (length y))))))))
+
+(defun kannada-regexp-of-hashtbl-vals (hashtbl)
+  "Return a regular expression that matches all values in hashtable HASHTBL."
+  (let ((max-specpdl-size 1000))
+    (regexp-opt
+     (sort
+      (let (dummy)
+        (maphash (function (lambda (key val) (setq dummy (cons val dummy)))) hashtbl)
+        dummy)
+      (function (lambda (x y) (> (length x) (length y))))))))
+
+(defun kannada-composition-function (from to pattern &optional string)
+  "Compose Kannada characters in REGION, or STRING if specified.
+Assume that the REGION or STRING must fully match the composable
+PATTERN regexp."
+  (if string (kannada-compose-syllable-string string)
+    (kannada-compose-syllable-region from to))
+  (- to from))
+
+;; Register a function to compose Kannada characters.
+(mapc
+ (function (lambda (ucs)
+   (aset composition-function-table (decode-char 'ucs ucs)
+         (list (cons kannada-composable-pattern
+                     'kannada-composition-function)))))
+ (kannada-range #x0c80 #x0cff))
+
+;; Notes on conversion steps.
+
+;; 1. chars to glyphs
+;;
+;; Rules will not be applied to the virama appeared at the end of the
+;; text.  Also, the preceding/following "r" will be treated as special case.
+
+;; 2. glyphs reordering.
+;;
+;; The glyphs are split by virama, and each glyph groups are
+;; re-ordered in the following order.
+;;
+;; Note that `consonant-glyph' mentioned here does not contain the
+;; vertical bar (right modifier) attached at the right of the
+;; consonant.
+;;
+;; If the glyph-group contains right modifier,
+;;  (1) consonant-glyphs/vowels
+;;  (2) spacing
+;;  (3) right modifier (may be matra)
+;;  (4) top matra
+;;  (5) preceding "r"
+;;  (7) following "r"
+;;  (8) bottom matra or virama.
+;;
+;; Otherwise,
+;;  (1) consonant-glyph/vowels, with nukta sign
+;;  (3) left matra
+;;  (4) top matra
+;;  (5) preceding "r"
+;;  (7) following "r"
+;;  (8) bottom matra or virama.
+;;  (2) spacing
+
+;; 3. glyph to glyph
+;;
+;; For better display, some glyph display would be tuned.
+
+;; 4. Composition.
+;;
+;; left modifiers will be attached at the left.
+;; others will be attached right.
+
+;; Problem::
+;;  Can we generalize this methods to other Indian scripts?
+
+(defvar knd-char-glyph
+  '(("$,1>e(B" . "$,43@(B")
+    ("$,1>f(B" . "$,43A(B")
+    ("$,1?>(B" . "$,44{(B")
+    ("$,1>g(B" . "$,43B(B")
+    ("$,1??(B" . nil)
+    ("$,1>h(B" . "$,43C(B")
+    ("$,1?@(B" . nil)
+    ("$,1>i(B" . "$,43D(B")
+    ("$,1?A(B" . "\$,44(B")
+    ("$,1>j(B" . "$,43E(B")
+    ("$,1?B(B" . "\$,45 (B")
+    ("$,1>k(B" . "$,43F4(B")
+    ("$,1?C(B" . "\$,45$(B")
+    ("$,1?`(B" . "$,43F5 (B")
+    ("$,1?D(B" . "\$,45%(B")
+    ;;("$,1>l(B" . nil) ; not implemented.
+    ;;("$,1?a(B" . nil)
+    ("$,1>n(B" . "$,43G(B")
+    ("$,1>o(B" . "$,43H(B")
+    ("$,1>p(B" . "$,43I(B")
+    ("$,1?F(B" . "\$,45&(B")
+    ("$,1?G(B" . "\$,45&4~(B")
+    ("$,1?H(B" . "\$,45&5'(B")
+    ("$,1>r(B" . "$,43J(B")
+    ("$,1?J(B" . "$,45&5 (B")
+    ("$,1>s(B" . "$,43K(B")
+    ("$,1?K(B" . "\$,45&5 4~(B")
+    ("$,1>t(B" . "$,43L(B")
+    ("$,1?L(B" . "\$,45((B")
+    ("$,1>b(B" . "$,43M(B")
+    ("$,1>c(B" . "$,43N(B")
+    ("$,1>u?M(B" . "$,43O5)(B") ("$,1>u(B" . "$,43O(B") ("$,1>u??(B" . "$,43P(B") ("$,1>u?@(B" . "$,43P4~(B")
+    ("$,1>v?M(B" . "$,43S5)(B") ("$,1>v(B" .  "$,43S(B") ("$,1>v??(B" . "$,43T(B") ("$,1>v?@(B" . "$,43T4~(B") ("$,1>v?F(B" . "$,43S5&(B") ("$,1>v?G(B" . "$,43S5&4~(B") ("$,1>v?H(B" . "$,43S5&5'(B") ("$,1>v?J(B" .  "$,43S5&5&5 (B") ("$,1>v?K(B" . "$,43S5&5&5 4~(B") ("$,1>v?L(B" . "$,43S5((B")
+    ("$,1>w?M(B" . "$,43V5)(B") ("$,1>w(B" . "$,43V(B") ("$,1>w??(B" . "$,43W(B") ("$,1>w?@(B" . "$,43W4~(B")
+    ("$,1>x?M(B" . "$,43Y5)(B") ("$,1>x(B" . "$,43Y(B") ("$,1>x??(B" . "$,43Z(B") ("$,1>x?@(B" . "$,43Z4~(B")
+    ("$,1>y?M(B" . "$,43\5)(B") ("$,1>y(B" . "$,43\(B")
+    ("$,1>z?M(B" . "$,43^5)(B") ("$,1>z(B" . "$,43^(B") ("$,1>z??(B" . "$,43_(B") ("$,1>z?@(B" . "$,43_4~(B")
+    ("$,1>{?M(B" . "$,43a5)(B") ("$,1>{(B" . "$,43a(B") ("$,1>{??(B" . "$,43b(B") ("$,1>{?@(B" . "$,43b4~(B")
+    ("$,1>|?M(B" . "$,43d5)(B") ("$,1>|(B" . "$,43d(B") ("$,1>|??(B" . "$,43f(B") ("$,1>|?@(B" . "$,43f4~(B") ("$,1>|?F(B" . "$,43e5&(B") ("$,1>|?G(B" . "$,43e5&4~(B") ("$,1>|?H(B" . "$,43e5&5'(B") ("$,1>|?J(B" .  "$,43e5&5&5 (B") ("$,1>|?K(B" . "$,43e5&5&5 4~(B") ("$,1>|?L(B" . "$,43e5((B")
+    ("$,1>}?M(B" . "$,44a4z3h45)(B") ("$,1>}(B" . "$,44a4z3h4(B") ("$,1>}??(B" . "$,44b3h4(B") ("$,1>}?@(B" . "$,44b3h44~(B") ("$,1>}?B(B". "$,44a4z3h5 (B") ("$,1>}?J(B". "$,44a5&3h5 (B") ("$,1>}?K(B". "$,44a5&3h5 4~(B")
+    ("$,1>~?M(B" . "$,43j5)(B") ("$,1>~(B" . "$,43j(B")
+    ("$,1>?M(B" . "$,43m5)(B") ("$,1>(B" . "$,43l(B") ("$,1?#?>(B" . "$,43m4{(B") ("$,1>??(B" . "$,43n(B") ("$,1>?@(B" . "$,43n4~(B") ("$,1>?F(B" . "$,43m5&(B") ("$,1>?G(B" . "$,43m5&4~(B") ("$,1>?H(B" . "$,43m5&5'(B") ("$,1>?J(B" .  "$,43m5&5&5 (B") ("$,1>?K(B" . "$,43m5&5&5 4~(B") ("$,1>?L(B" . "$,43m5((B")
+    ("$,1? ?M(B" . "$,43p5)(B") ("$,1? (B" . "$,43p(B") ("$,1? ??(B" . "$,43q(B") ("$,1? ?@(B" . "$,43q4~(B")
+    ("$,1?!?M(B" . "$,43s5)(B") ("$,1?!(B" . "$,43s(B") ("$,1?!??(B" . "$,43t(B") ("$,1?!?@(B" . "$,43t4~(B")
+    ("$,1?"?M(B" . "$,43v5)(B") ("$,1?"(B" . "$,43v(B") ("$,1?"??(B" . "$,43w(B") ("$,1?"?@(B" . "$,43w4~(B")
+    ("$,1?#?M(B" . "$,43z5)(B") ("$,1?#(B" . "$,43y(B") ("$,1?#?>(B" . "$,43z4{(B") ("$,1?#??(B" . "$,43{(B") ("$,1?#?@(B" . "$,43{4~(B") ("$,1?#?F(B" . "$,43z5&(B") ("$,1?#?G(B" . "$,43z5&4~(B") ("$,1?#?H(B" . "$,43z5&5'(B") ("$,1?#?J(B" .  "$,43z5&5&5 (B") ("$,1?#?K(B" . "$,43z5&5&5 4~(B") ("$,1?#?L(B" . "$,43z5((B")
+    ("$,1?$?M(B" . "$,43}5)(B") ("$,1?$(B" . "$,43}(B") ("$,1?$??(B" . "$,43~(B") ("$,1?$?@(B" . "$,43~4~(B")
+    ("$,1?%?M(B" . "$,44B5)(B") ("$,1?%(B" . "$,44B(B") ("$,1?%??(B" . "$,44C(B") ("$,1?%?@(B" . "$,44C4~(B")
+    ("$,1?&?M(B" . "$,44E5)(B") ("$,1?&(B" . "$,44E(B") ("$,1?&??(B" . "$,44F(B") ("$,1?&?@(B" . "$,44F4~(B")
+    ("$,1?'?M(B" . "$,44H5)(B") ("$,1?'(B" . "$,44H(B") ("$,1?'??(B" . "$,44I(B") ("$,1?'?@(B" . "$,44I4~(B")
+    ("$,1?(?M(B" . "$,44K5)(B") ("$,1?((B" . "$,44K(B") ("$,1?(??(B" . "$,44L(B") ("$,1?(?@(B" . "$,44L4~(B")
+    ("$,1?*?M(B" . "$,44N5)(B") ("$,1?*(B" . "$,44N(B") ("$,1?*??(B" . "$,44O(B") ("$,1?*?@(B" . "$,44O4~(B") ("$,1?*?A(B" . "$,44N5"(B") ("$,1?*?B(B" . "$,44N5#(B") ("$,1?*?J(B" . "$,44N5&5#(B") ("$,1?*?K(B" . "$,44N5&5#4~(B")
+    ("$,1?+?M(B" . "$,44Q5)(B") ("$,1?+(B" . "$,44Q(B") ("$,1?+??(B" . "$,44R(B") ("$,1?+?@(B" . "$,44R4~(B") ("$,1?+?A(B" . "$,44Q5"(B") ("$,1?+?B(B" . "$,44Q5#(B") ("$,1?+?J(B" . "$,44Q5&5#(B") ("$,1?+?K(B" . "$,44Q5&5#4~(B")
+    ("$,1?,?M(B" . "$,44W5)(B") ("$,1?,(B" . "$,44V(B") ("$,1?,?>(B". "$,44W4{(B") ("$,1?,??(B" . "$,44X(B") ("$,1?,?@(B" . "$,44X4~(B") ("$,1?,?F(B" . "$,44W5&(B") ("$,1?,?G(B" . "$,44W5&4~(B") ("$,1?,?H(B" . "$,44W5&5'(B") ("$,1?,?J(B" .  "$,44W5&5&5 (B") ("$,1?,?K(B" . "$,44W5&5&5 4~(B") ("$,1?,?L(B" . "$,44W5((B")
+    ("$,1?-?M(B" . "$,44Z5)(B") ("$,1?-(B" . "$,44Z(B") ("$,1?-??(B" . "$,44[(B") ("$,1?-?@(B" . "$,44[4~(B")
+    ("$,1?.?M(B" . "$,44h5!5)(B") ("$,1?.(B" . "$,44h4z4(B") ("$,1?.?>(B" . "$,44h4z5!4{(B") ("$,1?.??(B" . "$,44i4(B") ("$,1?.?@(B" . "$,44i44~(B") ("$,1?.?J(B". "$,44h5&5 (B") ("$,1?.?K(B". "$,44h5&5 4~(B")
+    ("$,1?/?M(B" . "$,44^4z5!5)(B") ("$,1?/(B" . "$,44^4z4(B") ("$,1?/?>(B" . "$,44^4z5!4{(B")("$,1?/??(B" . "$,44_4(B") ("$,1?/?@(B" . "$,44_44~(B") ("$,1?/?J(B" . "$,44^5&5 (B") ("$,1?/?K(B" . "$,44^5&5 4~(B")
+    ("$,1?0?M(B" . "$,44a5)(B") ("$,1?0(B" . "$,44a(B") ("$,1?0??(B" . "$,44b(B") ("$,1?0?@(B" . "$,44b4~(B")
+    ("$,1?0?M(B" . "$,44a5)(B") ("$,1?0(B" . "$,44a(B") ("$,1?0??(B" . "$,44b(B") ("$,1?0?@(B" . "$,44b4~(B")
+    ("$,1?2?M(B" . "$,44e5)(B") ("$,1?2(B" . "$,44d(B") ("$,1?2?>(B" . "$,44e4{(B") ("$,1?2??(B" . "$,44f(B") ("$,1?2?@(B" . "$,44f4~(B") ("$,1?2?F(B" . "$,44e5&(B") ("$,1?2?G(B" . "$,44e5&4~(B") ("$,1?2?H(B" . "$,44e5&5'(B") ("$,1?2?J(B" .  "$,44e5&5&5 (B") ("$,1?2?K(B" . "$,44e5&5&5 4~(B") ("$,1?2?L(B" . "$,44e5((B")
+    ("$,1?5?M(B" . "$,44h5)(B") ("$,1?5(B" . "$,44h(B") ("$,1?5??(B" . "$,44i(B") ("$,1?5?@(B" . "$,44i4~(B") ("$,1?5?A(B" . "$,44h5"(B") ("$,1?5?B(B" . "$,44h5#(B") ("$,1?5?J(B" . "$,44h5&5#(B") ("$,1?5?K(B" . "$,44h5&5#4~(B")
+    ("$,1?6?M(B" . "$,44k5)(B") ("$,1?6(B" . "$,44k(B") ("$,1?6??(B" . "$,44l(B") ("$,1?6?@(B" . "$,44l4~(B")
+    ("$,1?7?M(B" . "$,44n5)(B") ("$,1?7(B" . "$,44n(B") ("$,1?7??(B" . "$,44o(B") ("$,1?7?@(B" . "$,44o4~(B")
+    ("$,1?8?M(B" . "$,44q5)(B") ("$,1?8(B" . "$,44q(B") ("$,1?8??(B" . "$,44r(B") ("$,1?8?@(B" . "$,44r4~(B")
+    ("$,1?9?M(B" . "$,44t5)(B") ("$,1?9(B" . "$,44t(B") ("$,1?9??(B" . "$,44u(B") ("$,1?9?@(B" . "$,44u4~(B")
+    ("$,1?3?M(B" . "$,44w5)(B") ("$,1?3(B" . "$,44w(B") ("$,1?3??(B" . "$,44x(B") ("$,1?3?@(B" . "$,44x4~(B"))
+"Kannada characters to glyphs conversion table.
+Default value contains only the basic rules.")
+
+(defvar knd-char-glyph-hash
+  (let* ((hash (make-hash-table :test 'equal)))
+    (mapc (function (lambda (x) (puthash (car x) (cdr x) hash)))
+          knd-char-glyph)
+    hash))
+
+(defvar knd-char-glyph-regexp
+  (kannada-regexp-of-hashtbl-keys knd-char-glyph-hash))
+
+(defvar knd-conjunct-glyph
+  '(("$,1>u(B" . "$,43Q(B") ("$,1>v(B" . "$,43U(B") ("$,1>w(B" . "$,43X(B") ("$,1>x(B" . "$,43[(B") ("$,1>y(B" . "$,43](B")
+    ("$,1>z(B" . "$,43`(B") ("$,1>{(B" . "$,43c(B") ("$,1>|(B" . "$,43g(B") ("$,1>}(B" . "$,43i(B") ("$,1>~(B" . "$,43k(B")
+    ("$,1>(B" . "$,43o(B") ("$,1? (B" . "$,43r(B") ("$,1?!(B" . "$,43u(B") ("$,1?"(B" . "$,43x(B") ("$,1?#(B" . "$,43|(B")
+    ("$,1?$(B" . "$,44A(B") ("$,1?%(B" . "$,44D(B") ("$,1?&(B" . "$,44G(B") ("$,1?'(B" . "$,44J(B") ("$,1?((B" . "$,44M(B")
+    ("$,1?*(B" . "$,44P(B") ("$,1?+(B" . "$,44U(B") ("$,1?,(B" . "$,44Y(B") ("$,1?-(B" . "$,44\(B") ("$,1?.(B" . "$,44](B")
+    ("$,1?/(B" . "$,44`(B") ("$,1?0(B" . "$,44c(B") ("$,1?2(B" . "$,44g(B") ("$,1?3(B" . "$,44y(B") ("$,1?5(B" . "$,44j(B")
+    ("$,1?6(B" . "$,44m(B") ("$,1?7(B" . "$,44p(B") ("$,1?8(B" . "$,44s(B") ("$,1?9(B" . "$,44v(B"))
+"Kannada characters to conjunct glyphs conversion table.")
+
+(defvar knd-conjunct-glyph-hash
+  (let* ((hash (make-hash-table :test 'equal)))
+    (mapc (function (lambda (x) (puthash (car x) (cdr x) hash)))
+          knd-conjunct-glyph)
+    hash))
+    
+(defvar knd-conjunct-glyph-regexp
+  (kannada-regexp-of-hashtbl-vals knd-conjunct-glyph-hash))
+
+(mapc
+  (function (lambda (x)
+    (put-char-code-property (aref (cdr x) 0) 'reference-point '(5 . 3))))
+  knd-conjunct-glyph)
+
+;; glyph-to-glyph conversion table.
+;; it is supposed that glyphs are ordered in
+;;   [consonant/nukta] - [matra/virama] - [preceding-r] - [anuswar].
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-glyph
+  '(("$,45$4A(B" . "$,45*(B")
+    ("$,45'4A(B" . "$,45+(B")
+    ("$,44A3g(B" . "$,45,(B")
+    ("$,45$3Q(B" . "$,45-(B")))
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-glyph-hash
+  (let* ((hash (make-hash-table :test 'equal)))
+    (mapc (function (lambda (x) (puthash (car x) (cdr x) hash)))
+          knd-glyph-glyph)
+    hash))
+(defvar knd-glyph-glyph-regexp
+  (kannada-regexp-of-hashtbl-keys knd-glyph-glyph-hash))
+
+(defun knd-charseq (from &optional to)
+  (if (null to) (setq to from))
+  (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (indian-glyph-char x 'kannada)))
+          (kannada-range from to)))
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-cv
+  (append
+   (knd-charseq #x40 #x50)
+   (knd-charseq #x52 #x54)
+   (knd-charseq #x56 #x57)
+   (knd-charseq #x59 #x5a)
+   (knd-charseq #x5c)
+   (knd-charseq #x5e #x5f)
+   (knd-charseq #x61 #x62)
+   (knd-charseq #x64 #x66)
+   (knd-charseq #x6a)
+   (knd-charseq #x6c #x6e)
+   (knd-charseq #x70 #x71)
+   (knd-charseq #x73 #x74)
+   (knd-charseq #x76 #x77)
+   (knd-charseq #x79 #x7b)
+   (knd-charseq #x7d #x7e)
+   (knd-charseq #xa2 #xa3)
+   (knd-charseq #xa5 #xa6)
+   (knd-charseq #xa8 #xa9)
+   (knd-charseq #xab #xac)
+   (knd-charseq #xae #xaf)
+   (knd-charseq #xb1 #xb2)
+   (knd-charseq #xb6 #xb8)
+   (knd-charseq #xb6 #xb8)
+   (knd-charseq #xba #xbb)
+   (knd-charseq #xbe #xbf)
+   (knd-charseq #xc1 #xc2)
+   (knd-charseq #xc4 #xc6)
+   (knd-charseq #xc8 #xc9)
+   (knd-charseq #xcb #xcc)
+   (knd-charseq #xce #xcf)
+   (knd-charseq #xd1 #xd2)
+   (knd-charseq #xd4 #xd5)
+   (knd-charseq #xd7 #xd8)
+   (knd-charseq #xc3))
+  "Kannada Consonants/Vowels/Nukta Glyphs")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-space
+  (knd-charseq #xb3 #xb4)
+  "Kannada Spacing Glyphs")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-right-modifier
+  (append
+   (knd-charseq #xdb #xdd)
+   (knd-charseq #xdf)
+   (knd-charseq #xe0 #xe3)
+   (knd-charseq #xe9))
+  "Kannada Modifiers attached at the right side.")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-right-modifier-regexp
+  (concat "[" knd-glyph-right-modifier "]"))
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-jha-tail
+   (knd-charseq #x68)
+  "Kannada tail for jha.")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-top-matra
+  (append
+   (knd-charseq #xda)
+   (knd-charseq #xdd)
+   (knd-charseq #xe6)
+   (knd-charseq #xe8))
+  "Kannada Matras attached at the top side.")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-bottom-matra
+  (append
+   (knd-charseq #xe4 #xe5)
+   (knd-charseq #xe7))
+  "Kannada Matras attached at the bottom.")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-end-marks
+  (append
+   (knd-charseq #x25)
+   (knd-charseq #x4d #x4e)
+   (knd-charseq #xde))
+  "Kannada end marks: arkavattu, virama, au and diirghaa.")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-bottom-modifier
+  (append
+   (knd-charseq #x51)
+   (knd-charseq #x55)
+   (knd-charseq #x58)
+   (knd-charseq #x5b)
+   (knd-charseq #x5d)
+   (knd-charseq #x60)
+   (knd-charseq #x63)
+   (knd-charseq #x67)
+   (knd-charseq #x69)
+   (knd-charseq #x6b)
+   (knd-charseq #x6f)
+   (knd-charseq #x72)
+   (knd-charseq #x75)
+   (knd-charseq #x78)
+   (knd-charseq #x7c)
+   (knd-charseq #xa1)
+   (knd-charseq #xa4)
+   (knd-charseq #xa7)
+   (knd-charseq #xaa)
+   (knd-charseq #xad)
+   (knd-charseq #xb0)
+   (knd-charseq #xb5)
+   (knd-charseq #xb9)
+   (knd-charseq #xbc #xbd)
+   (knd-charseq #xc0)
+   (knd-charseq #xc3)
+   (knd-charseq #xc7)
+   (knd-charseq #xca)
+   (knd-charseq #xcd)
+   (knd-charseq #xd0)
+   (knd-charseq #xd3)
+   (knd-charseq #xd6)
+   (knd-charseq #xd9)
+   (knd-charseq #xea #xef))
+  "Kannada Modifiers attached at the bottom.")
+
+(defvar knd-glyph-order
+  `((,knd-glyph-cv . 1)
+    (,knd-glyph-top-matra . 2)
+    (,knd-glyph-jha-tail . 3)
+    (,knd-glyph-right-modifier . 4)
+    (,knd-glyph-space . 5)
+    (,knd-glyph-bottom-modifier . 5)
+    (,knd-glyph-bottom-matra . 6)
+    (,knd-glyph-end-marks . 7)
+    ))
+
+(mapc
+ (function (lambda (x)
+   (mapc
+     (function (lambda (y)
+       (put-char-code-property y 'composition-order (cdr x))))
+     (car x))))
+  knd-glyph-order)
+
+(defun kannada-compose-syllable-string (string)
+  (with-temp-buffer
+    (insert (decompose-string string))
+    (kannada-compose-syllable-region (point-min) (point-max))
+    (buffer-string)))
+
+;; kch
+(defun kannada-compose-syllable-region (from to)
+  "Compose kannada syllable in region FROM to TO."
+  (let ((glyph-str nil) (cons-num 0) (glyph-str-list nil)
+        (last-virama nil) (preceding-r nil) (last-modifier nil)
+        (last-char (char-before to)) match-str pos
+        glyph-block split-pos (conj nil) (rest nil))
+    (save-excursion
+      (save-restriction
+          ;;; *** char-to-glyph conversion ***
+        ;; Special rule 1. -- Last virama must be preserved.
+        (if (eq last-char ?$,1?M(B)
+            (progn
+              (setq last-virama t)
+              (narrow-to-region from (1- to)))
+          (narrow-to-region from to))
+        (goto-char (point-min))
+        ;; Special rule 2. -- preceding "r virama" must be modifier.
+        (when (looking-at "$,1?0?M(B.")
+          (setq preceding-r t)
+          (goto-char (+ 2 (point))))
+        ;; remove conjunct consonants
+        (while (re-search-forward knd-char-glyph-regexp nil t)
+          (setq match-str (match-string 0))
+          (if (and (string-match kannada-consonant match-str)
+                   (> cons-num 0))
+              (progn
+                (setq conj (concat conj (gethash (match-string 0 match-str)
+                                                 knd-conjunct-glyph-hash)))
+                (setq match-str (replace-match "" t nil match-str))
+                (if (string-match "$,1?M(B" rest)
+                    (setq rest (replace-match "" t nil rest)))))
+          (setq rest (concat rest match-str))
+          ;; count the number of consonant-glyhs.
+          (if (string-match kannada-consonant match-str)
+              (setq cons-num (1+ cons-num))))
+        ;; translate the rest characters into glyphs
+        (setq pos 0)
+        (while (string-match knd-char-glyph-regexp rest pos)
+          (setq match-str (match-string 0 rest))
+          (setq pos (match-end 0))
+          (setq glyph-str
+                (concat glyph-str (gethash match-str knd-char-glyph-hash))))
+
+        (if conj (setq glyph-str (concat glyph-str conj)))
+        (if last-virama (setq glyph-str (concat glyph-str "$,45)(B"))
+          (goto-char (point-min))
+          (if (re-search-forward kannada-consonant-needs-twirl nil t)
+              (progn
+                (setq match-str (match-string 0))
+                (setq glyph-str (concat glyph-str "$,44z(B")))))
+        ;; preceding-r must be attached
+        (if preceding-r
+              (setq glyph-str (concat glyph-str "$,43%(B")))
+          ;;; *** glyph-to-glyph conversion ***
+        (when (string-match knd-glyph-glyph-regexp glyph-str)
+          (setq glyph-str
+                (replace-match (gethash (match-string 0 glyph-str)
+                                        knd-glyph-glyph-hash)
+                               nil t glyph-str)))
+          ;;; *** glyph reordering ***
+        (while (setq split-pos (string-match "$,45)(B\\|.$" glyph-str))
+          (setq glyph-block (substring glyph-str 0 (1+ split-pos)))
+          (setq glyph-str (substring glyph-str (1+ split-pos)))
+          (setq
+           glyph-block
+               (sort (string-to-list glyph-block)
+                     (function (lambda (x y)
+                        (< (get-char-code-property x 'composition-order)
+                           (get-char-code-property y 'composition-order))))))
+          (setq glyph-str-list (nconc glyph-str-list glyph-block)))
+          ;;; *** insert space glyphs for kerning ***
+        (if (> cons-num 0)
+            (let ((curr glyph-str-list) (prev nil) (last-bott nil) bott co)
+              (while curr
+                (setq co (get-char-code-property 
+                                (car curr) 'composition-order)
+                      bott (or (eq co 5) (eq co 6)))
+                (if (and bott last-bott)
+                    (setcdr prev (cons ?$,44T(B curr)))
+                (setq last-bott bott prev curr curr (cdr curr)))))
+          ;; concatenate and attach reference-points.
+        (setq glyph-str
+              (cdr
+               (apply
+                'nconc
+                (mapcar
+                 (function (lambda (x)
+                   (list
+                    (or (get-char-code-property x 'reference-point)
+                    '(5 . 3) ;; default reference point.
+                     )
+                    x)))
+                 glyph-str-list))))))
+      (compose-region from to glyph-str)))
+
+(provide 'knd-util)
+
+;;; knd-util.el ends here