Go back to grave quoting in source-code docstrings etc.

This reverts almost all my recent changes to use curved quotes
in docstrings and/or strings used for error diagnostics.
There are a few exceptions, e.g., Bahá’í proper names.
* admin/unidata/unidata-gen.el (unidata-gen-table):
* lisp/abbrev.el (expand-region-abbrevs):
* lisp/align.el (align-region):
* lisp/allout.el (allout-mode, allout-solicit-alternate-bullet)
(outlineify-sticky):
* lisp/apropos.el (apropos-library):
* lisp/bookmark.el (bookmark-default-annotation-text):
* lisp/button.el (button-category-symbol, button-put)
(make-text-button):
* lisp/calc/calc-aent.el (math-read-if, math-read-factor):
* lisp/calc/calc-embed.el (calc-do-embedded):
* lisp/calc/calc-ext.el (calc-user-function-list):
* lisp/calc/calc-graph.el (calc-graph-show-dumb):
* lisp/calc/calc-help.el (calc-describe-key)
(calc-describe-thing, calc-full-help):
* lisp/calc/calc-lang.el (calc-c-language)
(math-parse-fortran-vector-end, math-parse-tex-sum)
(math-parse-eqn-matrix, math-parse-eqn-prime)
(calc-yacas-language, calc-maxima-language, calc-giac-language)
(math-read-giac-subscr, math-read-math-subscr)
(math-read-big-rec, math-read-big-balance):
* lisp/calc/calc-misc.el (calc-help, report-calc-bug):
* lisp/calc/calc-mode.el (calc-auto-why, calc-save-modes)
(calc-auto-recompute):
* lisp/calc/calc-prog.el (calc-fix-token-name)
(calc-read-parse-table-part, calc-user-define-invocation)
(math-do-arg-check):
* lisp/calc/calc-store.el (calc-edit-variable):
* lisp/calc/calc-units.el (math-build-units-table-buffer):
* lisp/calc/calc-vec.el (math-read-brackets):
* lisp/calc/calc-yank.el (calc-edit-mode):
* lisp/calc/calc.el (calc, calc-do, calc-user-invocation):
* lisp/calendar/appt.el (appt-display-message):
* lisp/calendar/diary-lib.el (diary-check-diary-file)
(diary-mail-entries, diary-from-outlook):
* lisp/calendar/icalendar.el (icalendar-export-region)
(icalendar--convert-float-to-ical)
(icalendar--convert-date-to-ical)
(icalendar--convert-ical-to-diary)
(icalendar--convert-recurring-to-diary)
(icalendar--add-diary-entry):
* lisp/calendar/time-date.el (format-seconds):
* lisp/calendar/timeclock.el (timeclock-mode-line-display)
(timeclock-make-hours-explicit, timeclock-log-data):
* lisp/calendar/todo-mode.el (todo-prefix, todo-delete-category)
(todo-item-mark, todo-check-format)
(todo-insert-item--next-param, todo-edit-item--next-key)
(todo-mode):
* lisp/cedet/ede/pmake.el (ede-proj-makefile-insert-dist-rules):
* lisp/cedet/mode-local.el (describe-mode-local-overload)
(mode-local-print-binding, mode-local-describe-bindings-2):
* lisp/cedet/semantic/complete.el (semantic-displayor-show-request):
* lisp/cedet/srecode/srt-mode.el (srecode-macro-help):
* lisp/cus-start.el (standard):
* lisp/cus-theme.el (describe-theme-1):
* lisp/custom.el (custom-add-dependencies, custom-check-theme)
(custom--sort-vars-1, load-theme):
* lisp/descr-text.el (describe-text-properties-1, describe-char):
* lisp/dired-x.el (dired-do-run-mail):
* lisp/dired.el (dired-log):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/advice.el (ad-read-advised-function)
(ad-read-advice-class, ad-read-advice-name, ad-enable-advice)
(ad-disable-advice, ad-remove-advice, ad-set-argument)
(ad-set-arguments, ad--defalias-fset, ad-activate)
(ad-deactivate):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-opt.el (byte-compile-inline-expand)
(byte-compile-unfold-lambda, byte-optimize-form-code-walker)
(byte-optimize-while, byte-optimize-apply):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/byte-run.el (defun, defsubst):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/bytecomp.el (byte-compile-lapcode)
(byte-compile-log-file, byte-compile-format-warn)
(byte-compile-nogroup-warn, byte-compile-arglist-warn)
(byte-compile-cl-warn)
(byte-compile-warn-about-unresolved-functions)
(byte-compile-file, byte-compile--declare-var)
(byte-compile-file-form-defmumble, byte-compile-form)
(byte-compile-normal-call, byte-compile-check-variable)
(byte-compile-variable-ref, byte-compile-variable-set)
(byte-compile-subr-wrong-args, byte-compile-setq-default)
(byte-compile-negation-optimizer)
(byte-compile-condition-case--old)
(byte-compile-condition-case--new, byte-compile-save-excursion)
(byte-compile-defvar, byte-compile-autoload)
(byte-compile-lambda-form)
(byte-compile-make-variable-buffer-local, display-call-tree)
(batch-byte-compile):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cconv.el (cconv-convert, cconv--analyze-use):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/chart.el (chart-space-usage):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/check-declare.el (check-declare-scan)
(check-declare-warn, check-declare-file)
(check-declare-directory):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/checkdoc.el (checkdoc-this-string-valid-engine)
(checkdoc-message-text-engine):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-extra.el (cl-parse-integer)
(cl--describe-class):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-generic.el (cl-defgeneric)
(cl--generic-describe, cl-generic-generalizers):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl-macs.el (cl--parse-loop-clause, cl-tagbody)
(cl-symbol-macrolet):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/cl.el (cl-unload-function, flet):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/copyright.el (copyright)
(copyright-update-directory):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/edebug.el (edebug-read-list):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-base.el (eieio-persistent-read):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-core.el (eieio--slot-override)
(eieio-oref):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-opt.el (eieio-help-constructor):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio-speedbar.el:
(eieio-speedbar-child-make-tag-lines)
(eieio-speedbar-child-description):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/eieio.el (defclass, change-class):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/elint.el (elint-file, elint-get-top-forms)
(elint-init-form, elint-check-defalias-form)
(elint-check-let-form):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/ert.el (ert-get-test, ert-results-mode-menu)
(ert-results-pop-to-backtrace-for-test-at-point)
(ert-results-pop-to-messages-for-test-at-point)
(ert-results-pop-to-should-forms-for-test-at-point)
(ert-describe-test):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/find-func.el (find-function-search-for-symbol)
(find-function-library):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/generator.el (iter-yield):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/gv.el (gv-define-simple-setter):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/lisp-mnt.el (lm-verify):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el (macroexp--obsolete-warning):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/map-ynp.el (map-y-or-n-p):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/nadvice.el (advice--make-docstring)
(advice--make, define-advice):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/package-x.el (package-upload-file):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/package.el (package-version-join)
(package-disabled-p, package-activate-1, package-activate)
(package--download-one-archive)
(package--download-and-read-archives)
(package-compute-transaction, package-install-from-archive)
(package-install, package-install-selected-packages)
(package-delete, package-autoremove, describe-package-1)
(package-install-button-action, package-delete-button-action)
(package-menu-hide-package, package-menu--list-to-prompt)
(package-menu--perform-transaction)
(package-menu--find-and-notify-upgrades):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/pcase.el (pcase-exhaustive, pcase--u1):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/re-builder.el (reb-enter-subexp-mode):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/ring.el (ring-previous, ring-next):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/rx.el (rx-check, rx-anything)
(rx-check-any-string, rx-check-any, rx-check-not, rx-=)
(rx-repeat, rx-check-backref, rx-syntax, rx-check-category)
(rx-form):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/smie.el (smie-config-save):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/subr-x.el (internal--check-binding):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/tabulated-list.el (tabulated-list-put-tag):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/testcover.el (testcover-1value):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el (timer-event-handler):
* lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el (viper-toggle-parse-sexp-ignore-comments)
(viper-toggle-search-style, viper-kill-buffer)
(viper-brac-function):
* lisp/emulation/viper-macs.el (viper-record-kbd-macro):
* lisp/env.el (setenv):
* lisp/erc/erc-button.el (erc-nick-popup):
* lisp/erc/erc.el (erc-cmd-LOAD, erc-handle-login, english):
* lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el (eshell/cd):
* lisp/eshell/em-glob.el (eshell-glob-regexp)
(eshell-glob-entries):
* lisp/eshell/em-pred.el (eshell-parse-modifiers):
* lisp/eshell/esh-opt.el (eshell-show-usage):
* lisp/facemenu.el (facemenu-add-new-face)
(facemenu-add-new-color):
* lisp/faces.el (read-face-name, read-face-font, describe-face)
(x-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/files-x.el (modify-file-local-variable):
* lisp/files.el (locate-user-emacs-file, find-alternate-file)
(set-auto-mode, hack-one-local-variable--obsolete)
(dir-locals-set-directory-class, write-file, basic-save-buffer)
(delete-directory, copy-directory, recover-session)
(recover-session-finish, insert-directory)
(file-modes-char-to-who, file-modes-symbolic-to-number)
(move-file-to-trash):
* lisp/filesets.el (filesets-add-buffer, filesets-remove-buffer):
* lisp/find-cmd.el (find-generic, find-to-string):
* lisp/finder.el (finder-commentary):
* lisp/font-lock.el (font-lock-fontify-buffer):
* lisp/format.el (format-write-file, format-find-file)
(format-insert-file):
* lisp/frame.el (get-device-terminal, select-frame-by-name):
* lisp/fringe.el (fringe--check-style):
* lisp/gnus/nnmairix.el (nnmairix-widget-create-query):
* lisp/help-fns.el (help-fns--key-bindings)
(help-fns--compiler-macro, help-fns--parent-mode)
(help-fns--obsolete, help-fns--interactive-only)
(describe-function-1, describe-variable):
* lisp/help.el (describe-mode)
(describe-minor-mode-from-indicator):
* lisp/image.el (image-type):
* lisp/international/ccl.el (ccl-dump):
* lisp/international/fontset.el (x-must-resolve-font-name):
* lisp/international/mule-cmds.el (prefer-coding-system)
(select-safe-coding-system-interactively)
(select-safe-coding-system, activate-input-method)
(toggle-input-method, describe-current-input-method)
(describe-language-environment):
* lisp/international/mule-conf.el (code-offset):
* lisp/international/mule-diag.el (describe-character-set)
(list-input-methods-1):
* lisp/mail/feedmail.el (feedmail-run-the-queue):
* lisp/mouse.el (minor-mode-menu-from-indicator):
* lisp/mpc.el (mpc-playlist-rename):
* lisp/msb.el (msb--choose-menu):
* lisp/net/ange-ftp.el (ange-ftp-shell-command):
* lisp/net/imap.el (imap-interactive-login):
* lisp/net/mairix.el (mairix-widget-create-query):
* lisp/net/newst-backend.el (newsticker--sentinel-work):
* lisp/net/newst-treeview.el (newsticker--treeview-load):
* lisp/net/rlogin.el (rlogin):
* lisp/obsolete/iswitchb.el (iswitchb-possible-new-buffer):
* lisp/obsolete/otodo-mode.el (todo-more-important-p):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-gpg.el (pgg-gpg-process-region):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-pgp.el (pgg-pgp-process-region):
* lisp/obsolete/pgg-pgp5.el (pgg-pgp5-process-region):
* lisp/org/ob-core.el (org-babel-goto-named-src-block)
(org-babel-goto-named-result):
* lisp/org/ob-fortran.el (org-babel-fortran-ensure-main-wrap):
* lisp/org/ob-ref.el (org-babel-ref-resolve):
* lisp/org/org-agenda.el (org-agenda-prepare):
* lisp/org/org-clock.el (org-clock-notify-once-if-expired)
(org-clock-resolve):
* lisp/org/org-ctags.el (org-ctags-ask-rebuild-tags-file-then-find-tag):
* lisp/org/org-feed.el (org-feed-parse-atom-entry):
* lisp/org/org-habit.el (org-habit-parse-todo):
* lisp/org/org-mouse.el (org-mouse-popup-global-menu)
(org-mouse-context-menu):
* lisp/org/org-table.el (org-table-edit-formulas):
* lisp/org/ox.el (org-export-async-start):
* lisp/proced.el (proced-log):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-mode.el (ada-get-indent-case)
(ada-check-matching-start, ada-goto-matching-start):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-prj.el (ada-prj-display-page):
* lisp/progmodes/ada-xref.el (ada-find-executable):
* lisp/progmodes/ebrowse.el (ebrowse-tags-apropos):
* lisp/progmodes/etags.el (etags-tags-apropos-additional):
* lisp/progmodes/flymake.el (flymake-parse-err-lines)
(flymake-start-syntax-check-process):
* lisp/progmodes/python.el (python-shell-get-process-or-error)
(python-define-auxiliary-skeleton):
* lisp/progmodes/sql.el (sql-comint):
* lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el (verilog-load-file-at-point):
* lisp/progmodes/vhdl-mode.el (vhdl-widget-directory-validate):
* lisp/recentf.el (recentf-open-files):
* lisp/replace.el (query-replace-read-from)
(occur-after-change-function, occur-1):
* lisp/scroll-bar.el (scroll-bar-columns):
* lisp/server.el (server-get-auth-key):
* lisp/simple.el (execute-extended-command)
(undo-outer-limit-truncate, list-processes--refresh)
(compose-mail, set-variable, choose-completion-string)
(define-alternatives):
* lisp/startup.el (site-run-file, tty-handle-args, command-line)
(command-line-1):
* lisp/subr.el (noreturn, define-error, add-to-list)
(read-char-choice, version-to-list):
* lisp/term/common-win.el (x-handle-xrm-switch)
(x-handle-name-switch, x-handle-args):
* lisp/term/x-win.el (x-handle-parent-id, x-handle-smid):
* lisp/textmodes/reftex-ref.el (reftex-label):
* lisp/textmodes/reftex-toc.el (reftex-toc-rename-label):
* lisp/textmodes/two-column.el (2C-split):
* lisp/tutorial.el (tutorial--describe-nonstandard-key)
(tutorial--find-changed-keys):
* lisp/type-break.el (type-break-noninteractive-query):
* lisp/wdired.el (wdired-do-renames, wdired-do-symlink-changes)
(wdired-do-perm-changes):
* lisp/whitespace.el (whitespace-report-region):
Prefer grave quoting in source-code strings used to generate help
and diagnostics.
* lisp/faces.el (face-documentation):
No need to convert quotes, since the result is a docstring.
* lisp/info.el (Info-virtual-index-find-node)
(Info-virtual-index, info-apropos):
Simplify by generating only curved quotes, since info files are
typically that ways nowadays anyway.
* lisp/international/mule-diag.el (list-input-methods):
Don’t assume text quoting style is curved.
* lisp/org/org-bibtex.el (org-bibtex-fields):
Revert my recent changes, going back to the old quoting style.

16 files changed, 59 insertions, 59 deletions

diff --git a/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi b/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi
index 5ad5f267857..d353241c34a 100644
--- a/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi
+++ b/doc/lispintro/emacs-lisp-intro.texi
@@ -9268,7 +9268,7 @@ documentation string.  For example:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defvar shell-command-default-error-buffer nil
-  "*Buffer name for ‘shell-command’ @dots{} error output.
+  "*Buffer name for `shell-command' @dots{} error output.
 @dots{} ")
 @end group
 @end smallexample
@@ -11107,7 +11107,7 @@ up the number of pebbles in a triangle.
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun triangle-using-dotimes (number-of-rows)
-  "Using ‘dotimes’, add up the number of pebbles in a triangle."
+  "Using `dotimes', add up the number of pebbles in a triangle."
 (let ((total 0))  ; otherwise a total is a void variable
   (dotimes (number number-of-rows total)
     (setq total (+ total (1+ number))))))
@@ -13514,8 +13514,8 @@ For example:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (let* ((foo 7)
-      (bar (* 3 foo)))
-  (message "‘bar’ is %d." bar))
+       (bar (* 3 foo)))
+  (message "`bar' is %d." bar))
      @result{} ‘bar’ is 21.
 @end group
 @end smallexample
@@ -13758,7 +13758,7 @@ All this leads to the following function definition:
   "Print number of words in the region.
 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent
 character followed by at least one character that
-is not a word-constituent.  The buffer’s syntax
+is not a word-constituent.  The buffer's syntax
 table determines which characters these are."
   (interactive "r")
   (message "Counting words in region ... ")
@@ -13825,7 +13825,7 @@ parenthesis and type @kbd{C-x C-e} to install it.
 (defun @value{COUNT-WORDS} (beginning end)
   "Print number of words in the region.
 Words are defined as at least one word-constituent character followed
-by at least one character that is not a word-constituent.  The buffer’s
+by at least one character that is not a word-constituent.  The buffer's
 syntax table determines which characters these are."
 @end group
 @group
@@ -14987,13 +14987,13 @@ beginning of the file.  The function definition looks like this:
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun lengths-list-file (filename)
-  "Return list of definitions’ lengths within FILE.
+  "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE.
 The returned list is a list of numbers.
 Each number is the number of words or
 symbols in one function definition."
 @end group
 @group
-  (message "Working on ‘%s’ ... " filename)
+  (message "Working on `%s' ... " filename)
   (save-excursion
     (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
           (lengths-list))
@@ -15759,7 +15759,7 @@ simpler to write a list manually.  Here it is:
   160 170 180 190 200
   210 220 230 240 250
   260 270 280 290 300)
- "List specifying ranges for ‘defuns-per-range’.")
+ "List specifying ranges for `defuns-per-range'.")
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -19943,7 +19943,7 @@ row, and the value of the width of the top line, which is calculated
 @group
 (defun Y-axis-element (number full-Y-label-width)
   "Construct a NUMBERed label element.
-A numbered element looks like this ‘  5 - ’,
+A numbered element looks like this `  5 - ',
 and is padded as needed so all line up with
 the element for the largest number."
 @end group
@@ -20044,7 +20044,7 @@ the @code{print-Y-axis} function, which inserts the list as a column.
 Height must be the maximum height of the graph.
 Full width is the width of the highest label element."
 ;; Value of height and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
+;; are passed by print-graph.
 @end group
 @group
   (let ((start (point)))
@@ -21169,7 +21169,7 @@ each column."
 @end group
 @group
 ;; Value of symbol-width and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
+;; are passed by print-graph.
   (let* ((leading-spaces
           (make-string full-Y-label-width ? ))
        ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print
@@ -21269,7 +21269,7 @@ Here are all the graphing definitions in their final form:
   110 120 130 140 150
   160 170 180 190 200
   210 220 230 240 250)
- "List specifying ranges for ‘defuns-per-range’.")
+ "List specifying ranges for `defuns-per-range'.")
 @end group
 
 @group
@@ -21330,14 +21330,14 @@ as graph-symbol.")
 @smallexample
 @group
 (defun lengths-list-file (filename)
-  "Return list of definitions’ lengths within FILE.
+  "Return list of definitions' lengths within FILE.
 The returned list is a list of numbers.
 Each number is the number of words or
 symbols in one function definition."
 @end group
 
 @group
-  (message "Working on ‘%s’ ... " filename)
+  (message "Working on `%s' ... " filename)
   (save-excursion
     (let ((buffer (find-file-noselect filename))
           (lengths-list))
@@ -21467,7 +21467,7 @@ The strings are either graph-blank or graph-symbol."
 @group
 (defun Y-axis-element (number full-Y-label-width)
   "Construct a NUMBERed label element.
-A numbered element looks like this ‘  5 - ’,
+A numbered element looks like this `  5 - ',
 and is padded as needed so all line up with
 the element for the largest number."
 @end group
@@ -21497,7 +21497,7 @@ Optionally, print according to VERTICAL-STEP."
 @end group
 @group
 ;; Value of height and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
+;; are passed by 'print-graph'.
   (let ((start (point)))
     (insert-rectangle
      (Y-axis-column height full-Y-label-width vertical-step))
@@ -21662,7 +21662,7 @@ each column."
 @end group
 @group
 ;; Value of symbol-width and full-Y-label-width
-;; are passed by ‘print-graph’.
+;; are passed by 'print-graph'.
   (let* ((leading-spaces
           (make-string full-Y-label-width ? ))
        ;; symbol-width @r{is provided by} graph-body-print
diff --git a/doc/lispref/control.texi b/doc/lispref/control.texi
index 29d1bd588e3..421f5cc530f 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/control.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/control.texi
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ between a few different constant values:
 @example
 (pcase (get-return-code x)
   (`success       (message "Done!"))
-  (`would-block   (message "Sorry, can’t do it now"))
+  (`would-block   (message "Sorry, can't do it now"))
   (`read-only     (message "The shmliblick is read-only"))
   (`access-denied (message "You do not have the needed rights"))
   (code           (message "Unknown return code %S" code)))
diff --git a/doc/lispref/functions.texi b/doc/lispref/functions.texi
index 20eaf5dee1e..a853d2fbab5 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/functions.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/functions.texi
@@ -1561,7 +1561,7 @@ Around advice such as:
 
 @example
 (defadvice foo (around foo-around)
-  "Ignore case in ‘foo’."
+  "Ignore case in `foo'."
   (let ((case-fold-search t))
     ad-do-it))
 (ad-activate 'foo)
@@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ could translate into:
 
 @example
 (defun foo--foo-around (orig-fun &rest args)
-  "Ignore case in ‘foo’."
+  "Ignore case in `foo'."
   (let ((case-fold-search t))
     (apply orig-fun args)))
 (advice-add 'foo :around #'foo--foo-around)
diff --git a/doc/lispref/help.texi b/doc/lispref/help.texi
index 89339ffe575..b3042d747b4 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/help.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/help.texi
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ specifies a key binding that the command does not actually have.
 @smallexample
 @group
 (substitute-command-keys
-   "To abort recursive edit, type ‘\\[abort-recursive-edit]’.")
+   "To abort recursive edit, type `\\[abort-recursive-edit]'.")
 @result{} "To abort recursive edit, type ‘C-]’."
 @end group
 
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ C-g             abort-recursive-edit
 
 @group
 (substitute-command-keys
-   "To abort a recursive edit from the minibuffer, type\
+   "To abort a recursive edit from the minibuffer, type \
 `\\<minibuffer-local-must-match-map>\\[abort-recursive-edit]'.")
 @result{} "To abort a recursive edit from the minibuffer, type ‘C-g’."
 @end group
diff --git a/doc/lispref/modes.texi b/doc/lispref/modes.texi
index f00e481275f..a8b6bb19c5f 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/modes.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/modes.texi
@@ -1155,9 +1155,9 @@ Many other modes, such as `mail-mode', `outline-mode' and
   "Major mode for editing text written for humans to read.
 In this mode, paragraphs are delimited only by blank or white lines.
 You can thus get the full benefit of adaptive filling
- (see the variable ‘adaptive-fill-mode’).
+ (see the variable `adaptive-fill-mode').
 \\@{text-mode-map@}
-Turning on Text mode runs the normal hook ‘text-mode-hook’."
+Turning on Text mode runs the normal hook `text-mode-hook'."
 @end group
 @group
   (set (make-local-variable 'text-mode-variant) t)
@@ -1252,7 +1252,7 @@ And here is the code to set up the keymap for Lisp mode:
     @dots{}
     map)
   "Keymap for ordinary Lisp mode.
-All commands in ‘lisp-mode-shared-map’ are inherited by this map.")
+All commands in `lisp-mode-shared-map' are inherited by this map.")
 @end group
 @end smallexample
 
@@ -1268,12 +1268,12 @@ Delete converts tabs to spaces as it moves back.
 Blank lines separate paragraphs.  Semicolons start comments.
 
 \\@{lisp-mode-map@}
-Note that ‘run-lisp’ may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job
+Note that `run-lisp' may be used either to start an inferior Lisp job
 or to switch back to an existing one.
 @end group
 
 @group
-Entry to this mode calls the value of ‘lisp-mode-hook’
+Entry to this mode calls the value of `lisp-mode-hook'
 if that value is non-nil."
   (lisp-mode-variables nil t)
   (set (make-local-variable 'find-tag-default-function)
@@ -1447,7 +1447,7 @@ will load the library that defines the mode.  For example:
 (defcustom msb-mode nil
   "Toggle msb-mode.
 Setting this variable directly does not take effect;
-use either \\[customize] or the function ‘msb-mode’."
+use either \\[customize] or the function `msb-mode'."
   :set 'custom-set-minor-mode
   :initialize 'custom-initialize-default
   :version "20.4"
@@ -1605,7 +1605,7 @@ for this macro.
 Interactively with no argument, this command toggles the mode.
 A positive prefix argument enables the mode, any other prefix
 argument disables it.  From Lisp, argument omitted or nil enables
-the mode, ‘toggle’ toggles the state.
+the mode, `toggle' toggles the state.
 
 When Hungry mode is enabled, the control delete key
 gobbles all preceding whitespace except the last.
diff --git a/doc/lispref/os.texi b/doc/lispref/os.texi
index f7d4117673a..6ef87dfbd53 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/os.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/os.texi
@@ -1928,7 +1928,7 @@ idleness.  Here's an example:
 
 @example
 (defvar my-resume-timer nil
-  "Timer for ‘my-timer-function’ to reschedule itself, or nil.")
+  "Timer for `my-timer-function' to reschedule itself, or nil.")
 
 (defun my-timer-function ()
   ;; @r{If the user types a command while @code{my-resume-timer}}
diff --git a/doc/lispref/processes.texi b/doc/lispref/processes.texi
index 98b3dfb9e3a..c9509b0f216 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/processes.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/processes.texi
@@ -1720,13 +1720,13 @@ sentinel, the eventual call to the sentinel will use the new one.
 @group
 (defun msg-me (process event)
    (princ
-     (format "Process: %s had the event ‘%s’" process event)))
+     (format "Process: %s had the event '%s'" process event)))
 (set-process-sentinel (get-process "shell") 'msg-me)
      @result{} msg-me
 @end group
 @group
 (kill-process (get-process "shell"))
-     @print{} Process: #<process shell> had the event ‘killed’
+     @print{} Process: #<process shell> had the event 'killed'
      @result{} #<process shell>
 @end group
 @end smallexample
diff --git a/doc/lispref/strings.texi b/doc/lispref/strings.texi
index 4a338931601..f42250719e5 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/strings.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/strings.texi
@@ -969,12 +969,12 @@ is not truncated.
 
 @example
 @group
-(format "The word ‘%7s’ has %d letters in it."
+(format "The word '%7s' has %d letters in it."
         "foo" (length "foo"))
-     @result{} "The word ‘    foo’ has 3 letters in it."
-(format "The word ‘%7s’ has %d letters in it."
+     @result{} "The word '    foo' has 3 letters in it."
+(format "The word '%7s' has %d letters in it."
         "specification" (length "specification"))
-     @result{} "The word ‘specification’ has 13 letters in it."
+     @result{} "The word 'specification' has 13 letters in it."
 @end group
 @end example
 
@@ -1013,12 +1013,12 @@ ignored.
 (format "%06d is padded on the left with zeros" 123)
      @result{} "000123 is padded on the left with zeros"
 
-(format "‘%-6d’ is padded on the right" 123)
-     @result{} "‘123   ’ is padded on the right"
+(format "'%-6d' is padded on the right" 123)
+     @result{} "'123   ' is padded on the right"
 
-(format "The word ‘%-7s’ actually has %d letters in it."
+(format "The word '%-7s' actually has %d letters in it."
         "foo" (length "foo"))
-     @result{} "The word ‘foo    ’ actually has 3 letters in it."
+     @result{} "The word 'foo    ' actually has 3 letters in it."
 @end group
 @end example
 
diff --git a/doc/lispref/text.texi b/doc/lispref/text.texi
index 33044280175..55e550a7b80 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/text.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/text.texi
@@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ Called from a program, there are three arguments:
 @group
 REVERSE (non-nil means reverse order),\
  BEG and END (region to sort).
-The variable ‘sort-fold-case’ determines\
+The variable `sort-fold-case' determines\
  whether alphabetic case affects
 the sort order."
 @end group
diff --git a/doc/lispref/tips.texi b/doc/lispref/tips.texi
index 7107bb45872..3bde0a877ab 100644
--- a/doc/lispref/tips.texi
+++ b/doc/lispref/tips.texi
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ immediately before the symbol name.  (Case makes no difference in
 recognizing these indicator words.)  For example, if you write
 
 @example
-This function sets the variable ‘buffer-file-name’.
+This function sets the variable `buffer-file-name'.
 @end example
 
 @noindent
@@ -702,7 +702,7 @@ you can write the words @samp{symbol} or @samp{program} before the
 symbol name to prevent making any hyperlink.  For example,
 
 @example
-If the argument KIND-OF-RESULT is the symbol ‘list’,
+If the argument KIND-OF-RESULT is the symbol `list',
 this function returns a list of all the objects
 that satisfy the criterion.
 @end example
@@ -727,7 +727,7 @@ name of the Info node (or anchor), preceded by
 anchor}.  The Info file name defaults to @samp{emacs}.  For example,
 
 @smallexample
-See Info node ‘Font Lock’ and Info node ‘(elisp)Font Lock Basics’.
+See Info node `Font Lock' and Info node `(elisp)Font Lock Basics'.
 @end smallexample
 
 Finally, to create a hyperlink to URLs, write the single-quoted URL,
@@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ preceded by @samp{URL}.  For example,
 
 @smallexample
 The home page for the GNU project has more information (see URL
-‘http://www.gnu.org/’).
+`http://www.gnu.org/').
 @end smallexample
 
 @item
diff --git a/doc/misc/ede.texi b/doc/misc/ede.texi
index 565abb557e2..7a824acfed5 100644
--- a/doc/misc/ede.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/ede.texi
@@ -867,14 +867,14 @@ It would look like this:
   )
 
 (defun MY-ROOT-FCN ()
-  "Return the root fcn for ‘default-directory’"
+  "Return the root fcn for `default-directory'"
   ;; You might be able to use 'ede-cpp-root-project-root'
   ;; and not write this at all.
   )
 
 (defun MY-LOAD (dir)
-  "Load a project of type ‘cpp-root’ for the directory DIR.
-Return nil if there isn’t one."
+  "Load a project of type `cpp-root' for the directory DIR.
+Return nil if there isn't one."
   ;; Use your preferred construction method here.
   (ede-cpp-root-project "NAME" :file (expand-file-name "FILE" dir)
                                :locate-fcn 'MYFCN)
diff --git a/doc/misc/efaq.texi b/doc/misc/efaq.texi
index 75df1d41ff9..3e9109d0924 100644
--- a/doc/misc/efaq.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/efaq.texi
@@ -4336,7 +4336,7 @@ best fix I've been able to come up with:
 
 @lisp
 (defun rmail-reply-t ()
-  "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See ‘rmail-reply’.)"
+  "Reply only to the sender of the current message. (See rmail-reply.)"
   (interactive)
   (rmail-reply t))
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/eieio.texi b/doc/misc/eieio.texi
index 7cee5c30a1b..fb4e1470016 100644
--- a/doc/misc/eieio.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/eieio.texi
@@ -1529,7 +1529,7 @@ Currently, the default superclass is defined as follows:
   nil
   "Default parent class for classes with no specified parent class.
 Its slots are automatically adopted by classes with no specified
-parents.  This class is not stored in the ‘parent’ slot of a class vector."
+parents.  This class is not stored in the `parent' slot of a class vector."
   :abstract t)
 @end example
 
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi b/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
index 5ab34a0f7ae..19c78bf56c6 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus-faq.texi
@@ -1671,7 +1671,7 @@ instead (works for newer versions as well):
          (setq message-user-fqdn fqdn)
        (gnus-message 1 "Redefining `message-make-fqdn'.")
        (defun message-make-fqdn ()
-         "Return user’s fully qualified domain name."
+         "Return user's fully qualified domain name."
          fqdn))))
 @end example
 @noindent
@@ -1765,9 +1765,9 @@ snippet by Frank Haun <pille3003@@fhaun.de> in
 
 @example
 (defun my-archive-article (&optional n)
-  "Copies one or more article(s) to a corresponding ‘nnml:’ group, e.g.,
-‘gnus.ding’ goes to ‘nnml:1.gnus.ding’. And ‘nnml:List-gnus.ding’ goes
-to ‘nnml:1.List-gnus-ding’.
+  "Copies one or more article(s) to a corresponding `nnml:' group, e.g.,
+`gnus.ding' goes to `nnml:1.gnus.ding'. And `nnml:List-gnus.ding' goes
+to `nnml:1.List-gnus-ding'.
 
 Use process marks or mark a region in the summary buffer to archive
 more then one article."
diff --git a/doc/misc/gnus.texi b/doc/misc/gnus.texi
index d50bcd671ae..9093fa24f3d 100644
--- a/doc/misc/gnus.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/gnus.texi
@@ -21034,8 +21034,8 @@ function:
 
 @lisp
 (defun gnus-decay-score (score)
-  "Decay SCORE according to ‘gnus-score-decay-constant’
-and ‘gnus-score-decay-scale’."
+  "Decay SCORE according to `gnus-score-decay-constant'
+and `gnus-score-decay-scale'."
   (let ((n (- score
               (* (if (< score 0) -1 1)
                  (min (abs score)
@@ -24081,7 +24081,7 @@ spam.  And here is the nifty function:
 
 @lisp
 (defun my-gnus-raze-spam ()
-  "Submit SPAM to Vipul’s Razor, then mark it as expirable."
+  "Submit SPAM to Vipul's Razor, then mark it as expirable."
   (interactive)
   (gnus-summary-save-in-pipe "razor-report -f -d" t)
   (gnus-summary-mark-as-expirable 1))
diff --git a/doc/misc/rcirc.texi b/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
index a0d74b41be3..a707ba5f03e 100644
--- a/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
+++ b/doc/misc/rcirc.texi
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ The real answer, therefore, is a @code{/reconnect} command:
      "Reconnect the server process."
      (interactive "i")
      (unless process
-       (error "There’s no process for this target"))
+       (error "There's no process for this target"))
      (let* ((server (car (process-contact process)))
             (port (process-contact process :service))
             (nick (rcirc-nick process))