Fix minor quoting problems in doc strings

Most of these fixes involve escaping grave accents that are
actually intended to be grave accents, not left quotes.
(Bug#20385)

37 files changed, 195 insertions, 195 deletions

diff --git a/etc/edt-user.el b/etc/edt-user.el
index e0f5b2943cb..2666856fcaa 100644
--- a/etc/edt-user.el
+++ b/etc/edt-user.el
@@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ G-C-\\: Split Window
   G-%: Go to Percentage
   G- : Undo  (GOLD Spacebar)
   G-=: Go to Line
-  G-`: What line
+  G-\\=`: What line
   G-/: Query-Replace"
 
   (interactive)
diff --git a/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el b/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el
index 9c5d7184149..60c6fb9782c 100644
--- a/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el
+++ b/lisp/calc/calc-misc.el
@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ For use with Embedded mode:
   N  calc-embedded-next.  Advance cursor to next known formula in buffer.
   P  calc-embedded-previous.  Advance cursor to previous known formula.
   U  calc-embedded-update-formula.  Re-evaluate formula at point.
-  `  calc-embedded-edit.  Use calc-edit to edit formula at point.
+  \\=`  calc-embedded-edit.  Use calc-edit to edit formula at point.
 
 Documentation:
   I  calc-info.  Read the Calculator manual in the Emacs Info system.
@@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ Calc user interface as before (either C-x * C or C-x * K; initially C-x * C).
            "Letter keys: SHIFT + Num-eval; More-recn; eXec-kbd-macro; Keep-args"
            "Other keys: +, -, *, /, ^, \\ (int div), : (frac div)"
            "Other keys: & (1/x), | (concat), % (modulo), ! (factorial)"
-           "Other keys: ' (alg-entry), = (eval), ` (edit); M-RET (last-args)"
+           "Other keys: ' (alg-entry), = (eval), \\=` (edit); M-RET (last-args)"
            "Other keys: SPC/RET (enter/dup), LFD (over); < > (scroll horiz)"
            "Other keys: DEL (drop), M-DEL (drop-above); { } (scroll vert)"
            "Other keys: TAB (swap/roll-dn), M-TAB (roll-up)"
diff --git a/lisp/cedet/semantic/wisent/wisent.el b/lisp/cedet/semantic/wisent/wisent.el
index fd00080f543..fb77cb36947 100644
--- a/lisp/cedet/semantic/wisent/wisent.el
+++ b/lisp/cedet/semantic/wisent/wisent.el
@@ -44,11 +44,11 @@
   "
            /\\_.-^^^-._/\\     The GNU
            \\_         _/
-            (     `o  `      (European ;-) Bison
-             \\      ` /
+            (     \\=`o  \\=`      (European ;-) Bison
+             \\      \\=` /
              (   D  ,\"       for Emacs!
-              ` ~ ,\"
-               `\"\""
+              \\=` ~ ,\"
+               \\=`\"\""
   :group 'semantic)
 
 
diff --git a/lisp/cedet/srecode/texi.el b/lisp/cedet/srecode/texi.el
index b75a6609323..6c8f7a6e3ca 100644
--- a/lisp/cedet/srecode/texi.el
+++ b/lisp/cedet/srecode/texi.el
@@ -245,7 +245,7 @@ that class.
  variable   => @code{variable}
  class      => @code{class} @xref{class}
  unknown    => @code{unknown}
- \" text \"   => `` text ''
+ \"text\"     => \\=`\\=`text''
  'quoteme   => @code{quoteme}
  non-nil    => non-@code{nil}
  t          => @code{t}
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el
index f0410f87447..05ffa8d52cc 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/macroexp.el
@@ -343,7 +343,7 @@ definitions to shadow the loaded ones for use in file byte-compilation."
 
 (defmacro macroexp-let2 (test var exp &rest exps)
   "Bind VAR to a copyable expression that returns the value of EXP.
-This is like `(let ((v ,EXP)) ,EXPS) except that `v' is a new generated
+This is like \\=`(let ((v ,EXP)) ,EXPS) except that `v' is a new generated
 symbol which EXPS can find in VAR.
 TEST should be the name of a predicate on EXP checking whether the `let' can
 be skipped; if nil, as is usual, `macroexp-const-p' is used."
diff --git a/lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el b/lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el
index 5c91df90166..5e1620df57c 100644
--- a/lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el
+++ b/lisp/emulation/viper-cmd.el
@@ -4400,7 +4400,7 @@ and regexp replace."
 ;; etc.
 (defun viper-cycle-through-mark-ring ()
   "Visit previous locations on the mark ring.
-One can use `` and '' to temporarily jump 1 step back."
+One can use \\=`\\=` and '' to temporarily jump 1 step back."
   (let* ((sv-pt (point)))
        ;; if repeated `m,' command, pop the previously saved mark.
        ;; Prev saved mark is actually prev saved point.  It is used if the
diff --git a/lisp/erc/erc.el b/lisp/erc/erc.el
index ad5e1a2468e..a860951634e 100644
--- a/lisp/erc/erc.el
+++ b/lisp/erc/erc.el
@@ -2474,7 +2474,7 @@ on the given server.")
 (defcustom erc-lurker-trim-nicks t
   "If t, trim trailing `erc-lurker-ignore-chars' from nicks.
 
-This causes e.g. nick and nick` to be considered as the same
+This causes e.g. nick and nick\\=` to be considered as the same
 individual for activity tracking and lurkiness detection
 purposes."
   :group 'erc-lurker
diff --git a/lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el b/lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el
index e9458ccd85f..8a3b5817d5f 100644
--- a/lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el
+++ b/lisp/eshell/em-dirs.el
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Thus, this does not include the current directory.")
                  eshell-user-names)))))))
 
 (defun eshell/pwd (&rest args)
-  "Change output from `pwd` to be cleaner."
+  "Change output from ‘pwd’ to be cleaner."
   (let* ((path default-directory)
          (len (length path)))
     (if (and (> len 1)
diff --git a/lisp/files.el b/lisp/files.el
index d82ff5e865f..16ac9569996 100644
--- a/lisp/files.el
+++ b/lisp/files.el
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ FROM with TO when it appears in a directory name.  This replacement is
 done when setting up the default directory of a newly visited file.
 
 FROM is matched against directory names anchored at the first
-character, so it should start with a \"\\\\`\", or, if directory
+character, so it should start with a \"\\\\\\=`\", or, if directory
 names cannot have embedded newlines, with a \"^\".
 
 FROM and TO should be equivalent names, which refer to the
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/smime.el b/lisp/gnus/smime.el
index 6f043df6121..76d58f77354 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/smime.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/smime.el
@@ -158,7 +158,7 @@ certificates to be sent with every message to each address."
 Directory should contain files (in PEM format) named to the X.509
 hash of the certificate.  This can be done using OpenSSL such as:
 
-$ ln -s ca.pem `openssl x509 -noout -hash -in ca.pem`.0
+$ ln -s ca.pem \\=`openssl x509 -noout -hash -in ca.pem\\=`.0
 
 where `ca.pem' is the file containing a PEM encoded X.509 CA
 certificate."
diff --git a/lisp/ido.el b/lisp/ido.el
index b97f72ce940..5995fcd41e3 100644
--- a/lisp/ido.el
+++ b/lisp/ido.el
@@ -377,7 +377,7 @@ use either \\[customize] or the function `ido-mode'."
   '("\\` ")
   "List of regexps or functions matching buffer names to ignore.
 For example, traditional behavior is not to list buffers whose names begin
-with a space, for which the regexp is ‘\\` ’.  See the source file for
+with a space, for which the regexp is ‘\\\\=` ’.  See the source file for
 example functions that filter buffer names."
   :type '(repeat (choice regexp function))
   :group 'ido)
@@ -386,7 +386,7 @@ example functions that filter buffer names."
   '("\\`CVS/" "\\`#" "\\`.#" "\\`\\.\\./" "\\`\\./")
   "List of regexps or functions matching file names to ignore.
 For example, traditional behavior is not to list files whose names begin
-with a #, for which the regexp is ‘\\`#’.  See the source file for
+with a #, for which the regexp is ‘\\\\=`#’.  See the source file for
 example functions that filter filenames."
   :type '(repeat (choice regexp function))
   :group 'ido)
diff --git a/lisp/language/ethio-util.el b/lisp/language/ethio-util.el
index a27f74907b0..127865760d0 100644
--- a/lisp/language/ethio-util.el
+++ b/lisp/language/ethio-util.el
@@ -129,9 +129,9 @@ isolated vowel.")
   "Degree of reduction in converting Ethiopic digits into Arabic digits.
 Should be 0, 1 or 2.
 For example, ({10}{9}{100}{80}{7}) is converted into:
-    `10`9`100`80`7  if `ethio-numeric-reduction' is 0,
-    `109100807      if `ethio-numeric-reduction' is 1,
-    `10900807       if `ethio-numeric-reduction' is 2.")
+    \\=`10\\=`9\\=`100\\=`80\\=`7  if `ethio-numeric-reduction' is 0,
+    \\=`109100807           if `ethio-numeric-reduction' is 1,
+    \\=`10900807            if `ethio-numeric-reduction' is 2.")
 
 (defvar ethio-java-save-lowercase nil
   "Non-nil means save Ethiopic characters in lowercase hex numbers to Java files.
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/cyrillic.el b/lisp/leim/quail/cyrillic.el
index 7caa5ecbc1d..ecee2434373 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/cyrillic.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/cyrillic.el
@@ -1245,7 +1245,7 @@ This phonetic layout replaces all the Latin letters with Bulgarian
 \(Cyrillic) letters based on similarities in their pronunciation or look.
 
 Note that, since the letters ‘щ’, ‘ь’, ‘ю’ and ‘я’ are attached to the
-‘]’, ‘\’, ‘`’ and ‘[’ keys respectively, Caps Lock does not affect them."
+‘]’, ‘\’, ‘\\=`’ and ‘[’ keys respectively, Caps Lock does not affect them."
 nil t t t t nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 ;;  Ю  1! 2@ 3№ 4$ 5% 6€ 7§ 8* 9( 0) -– =+ ьѝ
@@ -1412,7 +1412,7 @@ The letters Ц, М, Ч, Р, Л, Б and Ы are not affected by Caps Lock.
 In addition to original Bulgarian typewriter layout, keys \\ and |
 are transformed into ' and Ы respectively.  Some keyboards mark these
 keys as being transformed into ( and ) respectively.  For ( and ), use
-` and ~ respectively.  This input method follows XKB."
+\\=` and ~ respectively.  This input method follows XKB."
  nil t t t t nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 ;;  () 1! 2? 3+ 4" 5% 6= 7: 8/ 9_ 0№ -I .V
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/greek.el b/lisp/leim/quail/greek.el
index 5c5ead786e7..cf991502e28 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/greek.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/greek.el
@@ -179,7 +179,7 @@ mark		key
 ------------------------
 ypogegrammeni   J
 psili           '  or  v
-dasia           `  or  V
+dasia           \\=`  or  V
 oxia            /
 varia           ?
 perispomeni     \\  or  ^
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/hebrew.el b/lisp/leim/quail/hebrew.el
index 5d63e4040a8..1601e1e05d0 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/hebrew.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/hebrew.el
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ Only Hebrew-related characters are considered.
 
 Based on latest draft of SI-1452 keyboard layout.
 Only Hebrew-related characters are considered.
- ‘`’ is used to switch levels instead of Alt-Gr.
-Geresh is mapped to ‘`k’.
+ ‘\\=`’ is used to switch levels instead of Alt-Gr.
+Geresh is mapped to ‘\\=`k’.
 " nil t t t t nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 (quail-define-rules
@@ -603,7 +603,7 @@ Not suitable for modern Hebrew input.
 
 Based on Society of Biblical Literature's SIL keyboard layout.
 Phonetic and not suitable for modern Hebrew input.
- ‘`’ is used to switch levels instead of Alt-Gr.
+ ‘\\=`’ is used to switch levels instead of Alt-Gr.
  Euro Sign (€) is mapped to ‘Z’.
 " nil t t t t nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/latin-alt.el b/lisp/leim/quail/latin-alt.el
index 4c886fa6d6b..0614ecb76e1 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/latin-alt.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/latin-alt.el
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ special (so you can use that to enter a slash).
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
@@ -209,20 +209,20 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  "latin-2-alt-postfix" "Latin-2" "2<" t
  "Latin-2 character input method with postfix modifiers
 This input method differs from `latin-2-postfix' in that
-comma and period are not special (use ` instead).
+comma and period are not special (use \\=` instead).
 
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  ogonek     |    `    | a` -> ą
+  ogonek     |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> ą
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   breve      |    ~    | a~ -> ă
-  cedilla    |    `    | c` -> ç
+  cedilla    |    \\=`    | c\\=` -> ç
   caron      |    ~    | c~ -> č
   dbl. acute |    :    | o: -> ő
-  ring       |    `    | u` -> ů
-  dot        |    `    | z` -> ż
+  ring       |    \\=`    | u\\=` -> ů
+  dot        |    \\=`    | z\\=` -> ż
   stroke     |    /    | d/ -> đ
   others     |    /    | s/ -> ß
 
@@ -403,17 +403,17 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  "latin-3-alt-postfix" "Latin-3" "3<" t
  "Latin-3 character input method with postfix modifiers
 This input method differs from `latin-3-postfix' in that
-comma is not special (use ` instead), and period is not
+comma is not special (use \\=` instead), and period is not
 special (use slash instead).
 
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   dot        |    /    | c/ -> ċ   i/ -> ı   I/ -> İ
-  cedilla    |    `    | c` -> ç
+  cedilla    |    \\=`    | c\\=` -> ç
   breve      |    ~    | g~ -> ğ
   tilde      |    ~    | n~ -> ñ
   stroke     |    /    | h/ -> ħ
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  "latin-4-alt-postfix" "Latin-4" "4<" t
  "Latin-4 characters input method with postfix modifiers
 This input method differs from `latin-4-postfix' in that
-comma is not special (use ` instead), and period is not
+comma is not special (use \\=` instead), and period is not
 special (use ~ instead).
 
              | postfix | examples
@@ -584,12 +584,12 @@ special (use ~ instead).
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
-  ogonek     |    `    | a` -> ą
+  ogonek     |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> ą
   macron     |    -    | a- -> ā
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
   caron      |    ~    | c~ -> č
   dot        |    ~    | e~ -> ė
-  cedilla    |    `    | k` -> ķ   g` -> ģ
+  cedilla    |    \\=`    | k\\=` -> ķ   g\\=` -> ģ
   stroke     |    /    | d/ -> đ
   nordic     |    /    | a/ -> å   e/ -> æ   o/ -> ø
   others     |    /    | s/ -> ß   n/ -> ŋ   k/ -> ĸ
@@ -773,18 +773,18 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  "latin-5-alt-postfix" "Latin-5" "5<" t
  "Latin-5 characters input method with postfix modifiers
 This input method differs from `latin-5-postfix' in that
-comma is not special (use ` instead), and period is not
+comma is not special (use \\=` instead), and period is not
 special (use / instead).
 
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
   breve      |    ~    | g~ -> ğ
-  cedilla    |    `    | c` -> ç
+  cedilla    |    \\=`    | c\\=` -> ç
   dot        |    /    | i/ -> ı   I/ -> İ
   nordic     |    /    | a/ -> å   e/ -> æ   o/ -> ø
   others     |    /    | s/ -> ß
@@ -930,8 +930,8 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  "french-alt-postfix" "French" "FR<" t
  "French (Français) input method with postfix modifiers
 
-` pour grave, ' pour aigu, ^ pour circonflexe, et \" pour tréma.
-Par exemple: a` -> à   e' -> é.
+\\=` pour grave, ' pour aigu, ^ pour circonflexe, et \" pour tréma.
+Par exemple: a\\=` -> à   e' -> é.
 
 Ç, «, et » sont produits par C/, <<, et >>.
 
@@ -1011,15 +1011,15 @@ Par exemple: e'' -> e'
  "italian-alt-postfix" "Latin-1" "IT<" t
  "Italian (Italiano) input method with postfix modifiers
 
-a' -> á    A' -> Á    a` -> à    A` -> À    i^ -> î    << -> «
-e' -> é    E' -> É    e` -> è    E` -> È    I^ -> Î    >> -> »
-i' -> í    I' -> Í    i` -> ì    I` -> Ì               o_ -> º
-o' -> ó    O' -> Ó    o` -> ò    O` -> Ò               a_ -> ª
-u' -> ú    U' -> Ú    u` -> ù    U` -> Ù
+a' -> á    A' -> Á    a\\=` -> à    A\\=` -> À    i^ -> î    << -> «
+e' -> é    E' -> É    e\\=` -> è    E\\=` -> È    I^ -> Î    >> -> »
+i' -> í    I' -> Í    i\\=` -> ì    I\\=` -> Ì               o_ -> º
+o' -> ó    O' -> Ó    o\\=` -> ò    O\\=` -> Ò               a_ -> ª
+u' -> ú    U' -> Ú    u\\=` -> ù    U\\=` -> Ù
 
 This method is for purists who like accents the old way.
 
-Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a`` -> a`
+Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a\\=`\\=` -> a\\=`
 " nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 (quail-define-rules
@@ -1083,21 +1083,21 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a`` -> a`
  "turkish-alt-postfix" "Turkish" "TR«" t
  "Turkish (Türkçe) input method with postfix modifiers.
 This input method differs from `turkish-postfix' in that
-comma is not special (use ` instead).
+comma is not special (use \\=` instead).
 
 turkish-latin-3-alt-postfix is an obsolete alias for turkish-alt-postfix.
 
 Note for I, ı, İ, i.
 
 A^ -> Â
-C` -> Ç
+C\\=` -> Ç
 G^ -> Ğ
 I  -> I
 i  -> ı
 I/ -> İ
 i/ -> i
 O\" -> Ö
-S` -> Ş
+S\\=` -> Ş
 U\" -> Ü
 U^ -> Û
 
@@ -1161,7 +1161,7 @@ Caters for French and Turkish as well as Dutch.
              | postfix |
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   Turkish    | various | i/ -> ı  s, -> ş  g^ -> ğ   I/ -> İ
              |         |  S, -> Ş  G^ -> Ğ
@@ -1180,61 +1180,61 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  ("ij" ?ij) ;; LATIN SMALL LIGATURE IJ
  ("IJ" ?IJ) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LIGATURE IJ
  ;; “Trema on the second letter of vowel pair.”  Yudit uses `:', not `"'.
- ("\"a" ?ä) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"e" ?ë) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"i" ?ï) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"o" ?ö) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"u" ?ü) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"A" ?Ä) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"E" ?Ë) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"I" ?Ï) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"O" ?Ö) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS 
- ("\"U" ?Ü) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS 
+ ("\"a" ?ä) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"e" ?ë) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"i" ?ï) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"o" ?ö) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"u" ?ü) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"A" ?Ä) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"E" ?Ë) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"I" ?Ï) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"O" ?Ö) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH DIAERESIS
+ ("\"U" ?Ü) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH DIAERESIS
  ;; “Acute, marking emphasis on long vowels”:
- ("a'" ?á) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 
- ("e'" ?é) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 
- ("i'" ?í) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 
- ("o'" ?ó) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 
- ("u'" ?ú) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 
- ("A'" ?Á) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE 
- ("E'" ?É) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE 
- ("I'" ?Í) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE 
- ("O'" ?Ó) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE 
- ("U'" ?Ú) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE 
+ ("a'" ?á) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
+ ("e'" ?é) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
+ ("i'" ?í) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
+ ("o'" ?ó) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
+ ("u'" ?ú) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
+ ("A'" ?Á) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH ACUTE
+ ("E'" ?É) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH ACUTE
+ ("I'" ?Í) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH ACUTE
+ ("O'" ?Ó) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH ACUTE
+ ("U'" ?Ú) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH ACUTE
  ;; “Grave, marking emphasis on short vowels”:
  ("a`" ?à) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
- ("e`" ?è) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 
- ("i`" ?ì) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 
- ("o`" ?ò) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 
- ("u`" ?ù) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE 
- ("A`" ?À) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE 
- ("E`" ?È) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE 
- ("I`" ?Ì) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE 
- ("O`" ?Ò) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE 
+ ("e`" ?è) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
+ ("i`" ?ì) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
+ ("o`" ?ò) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
+ ("u`" ?ù) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
+ ("A`" ?À) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH GRAVE
+ ("E`" ?È) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH GRAVE
+ ("I`" ?Ì) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH GRAVE
+ ("O`" ?Ò) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH GRAVE
  ("U`" ?Ù) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH GRAVE
  ;; “Cater for the use of many French words and use of the circumflex
  ;; in Frisian.”  Yudit used `;' for cedilla.
- ("c," ?ç) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 
- ("C," ?Ç) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA 
- ("a^" ?â) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("e^" ?ê) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("i^" ?î) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("o^" ?ô) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("u^" ?û) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("A^" ?Â) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("E^" ?Ê) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("I^" ?Î) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
- ("O^" ?Ô) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX 
+ ("c," ?ç) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
+ ("C," ?Ç) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER C WITH CEDILLA
+ ("a^" ?â) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("e^" ?ê) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("i^" ?î) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("o^" ?ô) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("u^" ?û) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("A^" ?Â) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER A WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("E^" ?Ê) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER E WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("I^" ?Î) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH CIRCUMFLEX
+ ("O^" ?Ô) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER O WITH CIRCUMFLEX
  ("U^" ?Û) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER U WITH CIRCUMFLEX
  ;; “Follow the example of the Dutch POSIX locale, using ISO-8859-9 to
  ;; cater to the many Turks in Dutch society.”  Perhaps German methods
  ;; should do so too.  Follow turkish-alt-postfix here.
  ("i/" ?ı) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH NO DOT
- ("s," ?ş) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA 
- ("g^" ?ğ) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE 
+ ("s," ?ş) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA
+ ("g^" ?ğ) ;; LATIN SMALL LETTER G WITH BREVE
  ("I/" ?İ) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER I WITH DOT ABOVE
- ("S," ?Ş) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA 
- ("G^" ?Ğ) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH BREVE 
+ ("S," ?Ş) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER S WITH CEDILLA
+ ("G^" ?Ğ) ;; LATIN CAPITAL LETTER G WITH BREVE
  )
 
 ;; Originally from Yudit, discussed with Albertas Agejevas
@@ -1339,17 +1339,17 @@ of characters from a single Latin-N charset.
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
-  cedilla    |    /`   | c/ -> ç   c` -> ç
-  ogonek     |    `    | a` -> ą
+  cedilla    |    /\\=`   | c/ -> ç   c\\=` -> ç
+  ogonek     |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> ą
   breve      |    ~    | a~ -> ă
   caron      |    ~    | c~ -> č
   dbl. acute |    :    | o: -> ő
-  ring       |    `    | u` -> ů
-  dot        |    `    | z` -> ż
+  ring       |    \\=`    | u\\=` -> ů
+  dot        |    \\=`    | z\\=` -> ż
   stroke     |    /    | d/ -> đ
   nordic     |    /    | d/ -> ð   t/ -> þ   a/ -> å   e/ -> æ   o/ -> ø
   others     |   /<>   | s/ -> ß   ?/ -> ¿   !/ -> ¡
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/latin-post.el b/lisp/leim/quail/latin-post.el
index e8957eb9b63..5106bd29816 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/latin-post.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/latin-post.el
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
@@ -390,7 +390,7 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   dot        |    .    | c. -> ċ   i. -> ı   I. -> İ
@@ -746,7 +746,7 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
@@ -1005,8 +1005,8 @@ OEE -> OE
  "french-postfix" "French" "FR<" t
  "French (Français) input method with postfix modifiers
 
-` pour grave, ' pour aigu, ^ pour circonflexe, et \" pour tréma.
-Par exemple: a` -> à   e' -> é.
+\\=` pour grave, ' pour aigu, ^ pour circonflexe, et \" pour tréma.
+Par exemple: a\\=` -> à   e' -> é.
 
 Ç, «, et » sont produits par C,, <<, et >>.
 
@@ -1117,7 +1117,7 @@ szz -> sz
  ("aue" ["aue"])
  ("Aue" ["Aue"])
  ("que" ["que"])
- ("Que" ["Que"]) 
+ ("Que" ["Que"])
 )
 
 (quail-define-package
@@ -1186,15 +1186,15 @@ Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a'' -> a'
  "italian-postfix" "Latin-1" "IT<" t
  "Italian (Italiano) input method with postfix modifiers
 
-a` -> à    A` -> À    e' -> é    << -> «
-e` -> è    E` -> È    E' -> É    >> -> »
-i` -> ì    I` -> Ì               o_ -> º
-o` -> ò    O` -> Ò               a_ -> ª
-u` -> ù    U` -> Ù
+a\\=` -> à    A\\=` -> À    e' -> é    << -> «
+e\\=` -> è    E\\=` -> È    E' -> É    >> -> »
+i\\=` -> ì    I\\=` -> Ì               o_ -> º
+o\\=` -> ò    O\\=` -> Ò               a_ -> ª
+u\\=` -> ù    U\\=` -> Ù
 
 Typewriter-style italian characters.
 
-Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a`` -> a`
+Doubling the postfix separates the letter and postfix: e.g. a\\=`\\=` -> a\\=`
 " nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 (quail-define-rules
@@ -2090,7 +2090,7 @@ of characters from a single Latin-N charset.
              | postfix | examples
  ------------+---------+----------
   acute      |    '    | a' -> á
-  grave      |    `    | a` -> à
+  grave      |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   circumflex |    ^    | a^ -> â
   diaeresis  |    \"    | a\" -> ä
   tilde      |    ~    | a~ -> ã
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/latin-pre.el b/lisp/leim/quail/latin-pre.el
index 41552b56c02..4e60d9c8569 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/latin-pre.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/latin-pre.el
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á, '' -> ´
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^a -> â
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"a -> ä  \"\" -> ¨
     tilde    |   ~    | ~a -> ã
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á   '' -> ´
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"i -> ï   \"\" -> ¨
     tilde    |   ~    | ~n -> ñ
    cedilla   |   ~    | ~c -> ç
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ Key translation rules are:
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'e -> é
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^a -> â
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"i -> ï
    cedilla   | ~ or , | ~c -> ç   ,c -> ç
@@ -398,7 +398,7 @@ Key translation rules are:
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á   '' -> ´
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^a -> â
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"u -> ü
     tilde    |   ~    | ~a -> ã
@@ -489,9 +489,9 @@ Key translation rules are:
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"a -> ä   \"\" -> ¨
     breve    |   ~    | ~a -> ă
     caron    |   ~    | ~c -> č
-   cedilla   |   `    | `c -> ç   `e -> ?ę
-    misc     | ' ` ~  | 'd -> đ   `l -> ł   `z -> ż   ~o -> ő   ~u -> ű
-   symbol    |   ~    | `. -> ˙   ~~ -> ˘   ~. -> ?¸
+   cedilla   |   \\=`    | \\=`c -> ç   \\=`e -> ?ę
+    misc     | ' \\=` ~  | 'd -> đ   \\=`l -> ł   \\=`z -> ż   ~o -> ő   ~u -> ű
+   symbol    |   ~    | \\=`. -> ˙   ~~ -> ˘   ~. -> ?¸
 " nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 (quail-define-rules
@@ -596,13 +596,13 @@ Key translation rules are:
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á   '' -> ?´
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^a -> â
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"a -> ä   \"\" -> ¨
    cedilla   |   ~    | ~c -> ç   ~s -> ş   ~~ -> ¸
   dot above  |   / .  | /g -> ġ   .o -> ġ
     misc     | \" ~ /  | \"s -> ß   ~g -> ğ   ~u -> ŭ   /h -> ħ   /i -> ı
-   symbol    |   ~    | ~` -> ˘   /# -> £   /$ -> ¤   // -> °
+   symbol    |   ~    | ~\\=` -> ˘   /# -> £   /$ -> ¤   // -> °
 " nil t nil nil nil nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
 (quail-define-rules
@@ -737,7 +737,7 @@ For example, the character named `aogonek' is obtained by `/a'."
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^a -> â
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"a -> ä, \"Y -> Ÿ
     tilde    |   ~    | ~a -> ã
@@ -872,7 +872,7 @@ For example, the character named `aogonek' is obtained by `/a'."
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^w -> ŵ
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"a -> ä
   dot above  |   .    | .b -> ḃ
@@ -997,7 +997,7 @@ of characters from a single Latin-N charset.
     effect   | prefix | examples
  ------------+--------+----------
     acute    |   '    | 'a -> á, '' -> ´
-    grave    |   `    | `a -> à
+    grave    |   \\=`    | \\=`a -> à
   circumflex |   ^    | ^a -> â
   diaeresis  |   \"    | \"a -> ä  \"\" -> ¨
     tilde    |   ~    | ~a -> ã
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/thai.el b/lisp/leim/quail/thai.el
index 2554686b9a6..72e5020f36f 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/thai.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/thai.el
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@
 
 The difference from the ordinal Thai keyboard:
     ‘฿’ and ‘๏’ are assigned to ‘\\’ and ‘|’ respectively,
-    ‘ฃ’ and ‘ฅ’ are assigned to ‘`’ and ‘~’ respectively,
+    ‘ฃ’ and ‘ฅ’ are assigned to ‘\\=`’ and ‘~’ respectively,
     Don't know where to assign characters ‘๚’ and ‘๛’."
  nil t t t t nil nil nil nil nil t)
 
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/tibetan.el b/lisp/leim/quail/tibetan.el
index a54cbdc615a..1313f566def 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/tibetan.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/tibetan.el
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@
 
   NOT SPECIFIED IN EXT. WYLIE:
     +--------------------------------------------------------+
-    |ྂ = ~ |ྃ = ` |྄ = , |྅ = @ |༷ = _o|༵ = _O|༆ = ^|
+    |ྂ = ~ |ྃ = \\=` |྄ = , |྅ = @ |༷ = _o|༵ = _O|༆ = ^|
     +--------------------------------------------------------+
     |ྈ = x |ྉ = X |྆ = v |྇ = V |ྊ = q |ྋ = Q |
     +-----------------------------------------------+
diff --git a/lisp/leim/quail/viqr.el b/lisp/leim/quail/viqr.el
index c5c1c940181..570a16bd43d 100644
--- a/lisp/leim/quail/viqr.el
+++ b/lisp/leim/quail/viqr.el
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@
     horn     |    +    | o+ -> ơ
  ------------+---------+----------
     acute    |    '    | a' -> á
-    grave    |    `    | a` -> à
+    grave    |    \\=`    | a\\=` -> à
   hook above |    ?    | a? -> ả
     tilde    |    ~    | a~ -> ã
    dot below |    .    | a. -> ạ
diff --git a/lisp/obsolete/iso-acc.el b/lisp/obsolete/iso-acc.el
index eaf732ebbd5..499a9da1040 100644
--- a/lisp/obsolete/iso-acc.el
+++ b/lisp/obsolete/iso-acc.el
@@ -272,7 +272,7 @@ See the function `iso-accents-mode'."
 
 (defcustom iso-accents-enable '(?' ?` ?^ ?\" ?~ ?/)
   "List of accent keys that become prefixes in ISO Accents mode.
-The default is (?' ?` ?^ ?\" ?~ ?/), which contains all the supported
+The default is (?' ?\\=` ?^ ?\" ?~ ?/), which contains all the supported
 accent keys.  If you set this variable to a list in which some of those
 characters are missing, the missing ones do not act as accents.
 
@@ -346,7 +346,7 @@ the language you choose)."
   "Toggle ISO Accents mode, in which accents modify the following letter.
 This permits easy insertion of accented characters according to ISO-8859-1.
 When Iso-accents mode is enabled, accent character keys
-\(`, ', \", ^, / and ~) do not self-insert; instead, they modify the following
+\(\\=`, ', \", ^, / and ~) do not self-insert; instead, they modify the following
 letter key so that it inserts an ISO accented letter.
 
 You can customize ISO Accents mode to a particular language
diff --git a/lisp/obsolete/scribe.el b/lisp/obsolete/scribe.el
index 122b1bfd67b..68b2208063b 100644
--- a/lisp/obsolete/scribe.el
+++ b/lisp/obsolete/scribe.el
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@
   :group 'scribe)
 
 (defcustom scribe-electric-quote nil
-  "Non-nil makes insert of double quote use `` or '' depending on context."
+  "Non-nil makes insert of double quote use \\=`\\=` or '' depending on context."
   :type 'boolean
   :group 'scribe)
 
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ Interesting variables:
   Non-nil makes Scribe mode use a different style of paragraph separation.
 
 `scribe-electric-quote'
-  Non-nil makes insert of double quote use `` or '' depending on context.
+  Non-nil makes insert of double quote use \\=`\\=` or '' depending on context.
 
 `scribe-electric-parenthesis'
   Non-nil makes an open-parenthesis char (one of `([<{')
@@ -265,8 +265,8 @@ to skip backward."
   (forward-char -1))
 
 (defun scribe-insert-quote (count)
-  "Insert ``, '' or \" according to preceding character.
-If `scribe-electric-quote' is non-nil, insert ``, '' or \" according
+  "Insert \\=`\\=`, '' or \" according to preceding character.
+If `scribe-electric-quote' is non-nil, insert \\=`\\=`, '' or \" according
 to preceding character.  With numeric arg N, always insert N \" characters.
 Else just insert \"."
   (interactive "P")
diff --git a/lisp/obsolete/sregex.el b/lisp/obsolete/sregex.el
index 49590726598..80b2c92be09 100644
--- a/lisp/obsolete/sregex.el
+++ b/lisp/obsolete/sregex.el
@@ -416,7 +416,7 @@ Here are the clauses allowed in an `sregex' or `sregexq' expression:
   given set.  See below for how to construct a CHAR-CLAUSE.
 
 - the symbol `bot'
-  Stands for \"\\\\`\", matching the empty string at the beginning of
+  Stands for \"\\\\\\=`\", matching the empty string at the beginning of
   text (beginning of a string or of a buffer).
 
 - the symbol `eot'
diff --git a/lisp/obsolete/tpu-edt.el b/lisp/obsolete/tpu-edt.el
index c5959d193d7..981426581c2 100644
--- a/lisp/obsolete/tpu-edt.el
+++ b/lisp/obsolete/tpu-edt.el
@@ -648,7 +648,7 @@ GOLD is the ASCII 7-bit escape sequence <ESC>OP.")
 (make-variable-buffer-local 'tpu-mark-flag)
 
 (defun tpu-set-mode-line (for-tpu)
-  "Set ``minor-mode-alist'' for TPU-edt, or reset it to default Emacs."
+  "Set `minor-mode-alist' for TPU-edt, or reset it to default Emacs."
   (let ((entries '((tpu-newline-and-indent-p tpu-newline-and-indent-string)
                    (tpu-rectangular-p tpu-rectangle-string)
                    (tpu-direction-string tpu-direction-string)
diff --git a/lisp/obsolete/tpu-mapper.el b/lisp/obsolete/tpu-mapper.el
index 4c5ea13b3b7..3115038999f 100644
--- a/lisp/obsolete/tpu-mapper.el
+++ b/lisp/obsolete/tpu-mapper.el
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ suit your tastes (or to cope with those silly Sun and PC keypads).
 Finally, you will be prompted for the name of the file to store the key
 definitions.  If you chose the default, TPU-edt will find it and load it
 automatically.  If you specify a different file name, you will need to
-set the variable ``tpu-xkeys-file'' before starting TPU-edt.  Here's how
+set the variable `tpu-xkeys-file' before starting TPU-edt.  Here's how
 you might go about doing that in your init file.
 
   (setq tpu-xkeys-file (expand-file-name \"~/.my-emacs-x-keys\"))
diff --git a/lisp/org/ob-core.el b/lisp/org/ob-core.el
index fd144629838..f767a4eabe1 100644
--- a/lisp/org/ob-core.el
+++ b/lisp/org/ob-core.el
@@ -2583,7 +2583,7 @@ block but are passed literally to the \"example-block\"."
 (defun org-babel-read (cell &optional inhibit-lisp-eval)
   "Convert the string value of CELL to a number if appropriate.
 Otherwise if cell looks like lisp (meaning it starts with a
-\"(\", \"'\", \"`\" or a \"[\") then read it as lisp,
+\"(\", \"'\", \"\\=`\" or a \"[\") then read it as lisp,
 otherwise return it unmodified as a string.  Optional argument
 NO-LISP-EVAL inhibits lisp evaluation for situations in which is
 it not appropriate."
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-agenda.el b/lisp/org/org-agenda.el
index 65696b21d71..3df9fb6d420 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-agenda.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-agenda.el
@@ -5712,7 +5712,7 @@ This function is invoked if `org-agenda-todo-ignore-deadlines',
    (let ((calendar-date-style 'european)        (european-calendar-style t))
      (diary-date day month year mark))))
 
-;; Define the` org-class' function
+;; Define the `org-class' function
 (defun org-class (y1 m1 d1 y2 m2 d2 dayname &rest skip-weeks)
   "Entry applies if date is between dates on DAYNAME, but skips SKIP-WEEKS.
 DAYNAME is a number between 0 (Sunday) and 6 (Saturday).
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el
index d6f6f3b25b0..7d2f3fcb007 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/cperl-mode.el
@@ -7631,7 +7631,7 @@ $8	Match of the 8th set of parentheses in the last match (auto-local).
 $9      Match of the 9th set of parentheses in the last match (auto-local).
 $&      The string matched by the last pattern match (auto-local).
 $'      The string after what was matched by the last match (auto-local).
-$`      The string before what was matched by the last match (auto-local).
+$\\=`   The string before what was matched by the last match (auto-local).
 
 $(      The real gid of this process.
 $)      The effective gid of this process.
@@ -7647,7 +7647,7 @@ $;	Subscript separator for multi-dim array emulation.  Default \"\\034\".
 $<      The real uid of this process.
 $=      The page length of the current output channel.  Default is 60 lines.
 $>      The effective uid of this process.
-$?      The status returned by the last ``, pipe close or `system'.
+$?      The status returned by the last \\=`\\=`, pipe close or `system'.
 $@      The perl error message from the last eval or do @var{EXPR} command.
 $ARGV   The name of the current file used with <> .
 $[      Deprecated: The index of the first element/char in an array/string.
@@ -7888,7 +7888,7 @@ printf [FILEHANDLE] (FORMAT,LIST)
 push(ARRAY,LIST)
 q/STRING/       Synonym for 'STRING'
 qq/STRING/      Synonym for \"STRING\"
-qx/STRING/      Synonym for `STRING`
+qx/STRING/      Synonym for \\=`STRING\\=`
 rand[(EXPR)]
 read(FILEHANDLE,SCALAR,LENGTH[,OFFSET])
 readdir(DIRHANDLE)
@@ -8007,7 +8007,7 @@ pos STRING    Set/Get end-position of the last match over this string, see \\G.
 quotemeta [ EXPR ]      Quote regexp metacharacters.
 qw/WORD1 .../           Synonym of split('', 'WORD1 ...')
 readline FH     Synonym of <FH>.
-readpipe CMD    Synonym of `CMD`.
+readpipe CMD    Synonym of \\=`CMD\\=`.
 ref [ EXPR ]    Type of EXPR when dereferenced.
 sysopen FH, FILENAME, MODE [, PERM]     (MODE is numeric, see Fcntl.)
 tie VAR, PACKAGE, LIST  Hide an object behind a simple Perl variable.
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/f90.el b/lisp/progmodes/f90.el
index 756c5af24e4..0fde4f4da5b 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/f90.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/f90.el
@@ -1115,7 +1115,7 @@ For fixed format code, use `fortran-mode'.
  indented line.
 \\[f90-indent-subprogram] indents the current subprogram.
 
-Type `? or `\\[help-command] to display a list of built-in\
+Type \\=`? or \\=`\\[help-command] to display a list of built-in\
  abbrevs for F90 keywords.
 
 Key definitions:
@@ -2269,7 +2269,7 @@ Leave point at the end of line."
 ;; Abbrevs and keywords.
 
 (defun f90-abbrev-start ()
-  "Typing `\\[help-command] or `? lists all the F90 abbrevs.
+  "Typing \\=`\\[help-command] or \\=`? lists all the F90 abbrevs.
 Any other key combination is executed normally."
   (interactive "*")
   (self-insert-command 1)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el b/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
index 44d84d65810..8e30aa29502 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/idlwave.el
@@ -742,8 +742,8 @@ The actions that can be performed are listed in `idlwave-indent-action-table'."
 
 (defcustom idlwave-abbrev-start-char "\\"
   "A single character string used to start abbreviations in abbrev mode.
-Possible characters to chose from: ~`\%
-or even '?'.  '.' is not a good choice because it can make structure
+Possible characters to choose from: ~\\=`\%
+or even ‘?’.  ‘.’ is not a good choice because it can make structure
 field names act like abbrevs in certain circumstances.
 
 Changes to this in `idlwave-mode-hook' will have no effect.  Instead a user
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/sh-script.el b/lisp/progmodes/sh-script.el
index e4d16eb0ab6..537b180eed6 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/sh-script.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/sh-script.el
@@ -921,7 +921,7 @@ See `sh-feature'.")
      (:foreground "magenta"))
     (t
      (:weight bold)))
-  "Face to show quoted execs like `blabla`."
+  "Face to show quoted execs like \\=`blabla\\=`."
   :group 'sh-indentation)
 (define-obsolete-face-alias 'sh-heredoc-face 'sh-heredoc "22.1")
 (defvar sh-heredoc-face 'sh-heredoc)
diff --git a/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el b/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
index 4b0cb0f6fd8..11b7561c99a 100644
--- a/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/progmodes/verilog-mode.el
@@ -597,11 +597,11 @@ Set to 0 to get them list right under containing block."
   "How to treat macro expansions in a declaration.
 If nil, indent as:
         input [31:0] a;
-        input        `CP;
+        input        \\=`CP;
         output       c;
 If non nil, treat as:
         input [31:0] a;
-        input `CP    ;
+        input \\=`CP    ;
         output       c;"
   :group 'verilog-mode-indent
   :type 'boolean)
@@ -628,7 +628,7 @@ Set to 0 to get such code to start at the left side of the screen."
 (put 'verilog-indent-level-behavioral 'safe-local-variable 'integerp)
 
 (defcustom verilog-indent-level-directive 1
-  "Indentation to add to each level of `ifdef declarations.
+  "Indentation to add to each level of \\=`ifdef declarations.
 Set to 0 to have all directives start at the left side of the screen."
   :group 'verilog-mode-indent
   :type 'integer)
@@ -733,8 +733,8 @@ file referenced.  If false, this is not supported."
 
 (defcustom verilog-auto-declare-nettype nil
   "Non-nil specifies the data type to use with `verilog-auto-input' etc.
-Set this to \"wire\" if the Verilog code uses \"`default_nettype
-none\".  Note using `default_nettype none isn't recommended practice; this
+Set this to \"wire\" if the Verilog code uses \"\\=`default_nettype
+none\".  Note using \\=`default_nettype none isn't recommended practice; this
 mode is experimental."
   :version "24.1"  ;; rev670
   :group 'verilog-mode-actions
@@ -3670,7 +3670,7 @@ Variables controlling indentation/edit style:
    Set to 0 to get such code to lined up underneath the task or
    function keyword.
  `verilog-indent-level-directive'     (default 1)
-   Indentation of `ifdef/`endif blocks.
+   Indentation of \\=`ifdef/\\=`endif blocks.
  `verilog-cexp-indent'              (default 1)
    Indentation of Verilog statements broken across lines i.e.:
       if (a)
@@ -9235,9 +9235,9 @@ Optionally associate it with the specified enumeration ENUMNAME."
           (add-to-list (make-local-variable enumvar) defname)))))
 
 (defun verilog-read-defines (&optional filename recurse subcall)
-  "Read `defines and parameters for the current file, or optional FILENAME.
+  "Read \\=`defines and parameters for the current file, or optional FILENAME.
 If the filename is provided, `verilog-library-flags' will be used to
-resolve it.  If optional RECURSE is non-nil, recurse through `includes.
+resolve it.  If optional RECURSE is non-nil, recurse through \\=`includes.
 
 Parameters must be simple assignments to constants, or have their own
 \"parameter\" label rather than a list of parameters.  Thus:
@@ -9320,8 +9320,8 @@ warning message, you need to add to your init file:
             (forward-comment 99999)))))))
 
 (defun verilog-read-includes ()
-  "Read `includes for the current file.
-This will find all of the `includes which are at the beginning of lines,
+  "Read \\=`includes for the current file.
+This will find all of the \\=`includes which are at the beginning of lines,
 ignoring any ifdefs or multiline comments around them.
 `verilog-read-defines' is then performed on the current and each included
 file.
@@ -9343,11 +9343,11 @@ variable over and over when many modules are compiled together, put a test
 around the inside each include file:
 
 foo.v (an include file):
-        `ifdef _FOO_V   // include if not already included
-        `else
-        `define _FOO_V
+        \\=`ifdef _FOO_V        // include if not already included
+        \\=`else
+        \\=`define _FOO_V
         ... contents of file
-        `endif // _FOO_V"
+        \\=`endif // _FOO_V"
   ;;slow:  (verilog-read-defines nil t)
   (save-excursion
     (verilog-getopt-flags)
@@ -11184,7 +11184,7 @@ Limitations:
   `verilog-library-extensions', and being found in the same directory, or
   by changing the variable `verilog-library-flags' or
   `verilog-library-directories'.  Macros `modname are translated through the
-  vh-{name} Emacs variable, if that is not found, it just ignores the `.
+  vh-{name} Emacs variable, if that is not found, it just ignores the \\=`.
 
   In templates you must have one signal per line, ending in a ), or ));,
   and have proper () nesting, including a final ); to end the template.
@@ -12754,8 +12754,8 @@ Limitations:
   lists.  AUTOSENSE will thus exclude them, and add a /*memory or*/ comment.
 
 Constant signals:
-  AUTOSENSE cannot always determine if a `define is a constant or a signal
-  (it could be in an include file for example).  If a `define or other signal
+  AUTOSENSE cannot always determine if a \\=`define is a constant or a signal
+  (it could be in an include file for example).  If a \\=`define or other signal
   is put into the AUTOSENSE list and is not desired, use the AUTO_CONSTANT
   declaration anywhere in the module (parenthesis are required):
 
@@ -12870,8 +12870,8 @@ them to a one.
 AUTORESET may try to reset arrays or structures that cannot be
 reset by a simple assignment, resulting in compile errors.  This
 is a feature to be taken as a hint that you need to reset these
-signals manually (or put them into a \"`ifdef NEVER signal<=`0;
-`endif\" so Verilog-Mode ignores them.)
+signals manually (or put them into a \"\\=`ifdef NEVER signal<=\\=`0;
+\\=`endif\" so Verilog-Mode ignores them.)
 
 An example:
 
@@ -13041,27 +13041,27 @@ Typing \\[verilog-auto] will make this into:
 
 (defun verilog-auto-undef ()
   "Expand AUTOUNDEF statements, as part of \\[verilog-auto].
-Take any `defines since the last AUTOUNDEF in the current file
-and create `undefs for them.  This is used to insure that
-file-local defines do not pollute the global `define name space.
+Take any \\=`defines since the last AUTOUNDEF in the current file
+and create \\=`undefs for them.  This is used to insure that
+file-local defines do not pollute the global \\=`define name space.
 
 Limitations:
-  AUTOUNDEF presumes any identifier following `define is the
-  name of a define.  Any `ifdefs are ignored.
+  AUTOUNDEF presumes any identifier following \\=`define is the
+  name of a define.  Any \\=`ifdefs are ignored.
 
-  AUTOUNDEF suppresses creating an `undef for any define that was
-  `undefed before the AUTOUNDEF.  This may be used to work around
-  the ignoring of `ifdefs as shown below.
+  AUTOUNDEF suppresses creating an \\=`undef for any define that was
+  \\=`undefed before the AUTOUNDEF.  This may be used to work around
+  the ignoring of \\=`ifdefs as shown below.
 
 An example:
 
-        `define XX_FOO
-        `define M_BAR(x)
-        `define M_BAZ
+        \\=`define XX_FOO
+        \\=`define M_BAR(x)
+        \\=`define M_BAZ
         ...
-        `ifdef NEVER
-          `undef M_BAZ  // Emacs will see this and not `undef M_BAZ
-        `endif
+        \\=`ifdef NEVER
+          \\=`undef M_BAZ       // Emacs will see this and not \\=`undef M_BAZ
+        \\=`endif
         ...
         /*AUTOUNDEF*/
 
@@ -13070,8 +13070,8 @@ Typing \\[verilog-auto] will make this into:
         ...
         /*AUTOUNDEF*/
         // Beginning of automatic undefs
-        `undef XX_FOO
-        `undef M_BAR
+        \\=`undef XX_FOO
+        \\=`undef M_BAR
         // End of automatics
 
 You may also provide an optional regular expression, in which case only
@@ -13466,12 +13466,12 @@ Using \\[describe-function], see also:
     `verilog-auto-reset'        for AUTORESET flop resets
     `verilog-auto-sense'        for AUTOSENSE or AS always sensitivity lists
     `verilog-auto-tieoff'       for AUTOTIEOFF output tieoffs
-    `verilog-auto-undef'        for AUTOUNDEF `undef of local `defines
+    `verilog-auto-undef'        for AUTOUNDEF \\=`undef of local \\=`defines
     `verilog-auto-unused'       for AUTOUNUSED unused inputs/inouts
     `verilog-auto-wire'         for AUTOWIRE instantiation wires
 
-    `verilog-read-defines'      for reading `define values
-    `verilog-read-includes'     for reading `includes
+    `verilog-read-defines'      for reading \\=`define values
+    `verilog-read-includes'     for reading \\=`includes
 
 If you have bugs with these autos, please file an issue at
 URL `http://www.veripool.org/verilog-mode' or contact the AUTOAUTHOR
diff --git a/lisp/skeleton.el b/lisp/skeleton.el
index 1363422dcc2..d23488bfd34 100644
--- a/lisp/skeleton.el
+++ b/lisp/skeleton.el
@@ -481,7 +481,7 @@ This allows for context-sensitive checking whether pairing is appropriate.")
 Each alist element, which looks like (ELEMENT ...), is passed to
 `skeleton-insert' with no interactor.  Variable `str' does nothing.
 
-Elements might be (?` ?` _ \"''\"), (?\\( ?  _ \" )\") or (?{ \\n > _ \\n ?} >).")
+Elements might be (?\\=` ?\\=` _ \"''\"), (?\\( ?  _ \" )\") or (?{ \\n > _ \\n ?} >).")
 
 (defvar skeleton-pair-default-alist '((?( _ ?)) (?\))
                                       (?[ _ ?]) (?\])
diff --git a/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el b/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el
index 274cb4aa434..535b8857677 100644
--- a/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el
+++ b/lisp/textmodes/tex-mode.el
@@ -1034,7 +1034,7 @@ says which mode to use."
 (define-derived-mode plain-tex-mode tex-mode "TeX"
   "Major mode for editing files of input for plain TeX.
 Makes $ and } display the characters they match.
-Makes \" insert `` when it seems to be the beginning of a quotation,
+Makes \" insert \\=`\\=` when it seems to be the beginning of a quotation,
 and '' when it appears to be the end; it inserts \" only after a \\.
 
 Use \\[tex-region] to run TeX on the current region, plus a \"header\"
@@ -1080,7 +1080,7 @@ special subshell is initiated, the hook `tex-shell-hook' is run."
 (define-derived-mode latex-mode tex-mode "LaTeX"
   "Major mode for editing files of input for LaTeX.
 Makes $ and } display the characters they match.
-Makes \" insert `` when it seems to be the beginning of a quotation,
+Makes \" insert \\=`\\=` when it seems to be the beginning of a quotation,
 and '' when it appears to be the end; it inserts \" only after a \\.
 
 Use \\[tex-region] to run LaTeX on the current region, plus the preamble
@@ -1162,7 +1162,7 @@ subshell is initiated, `tex-shell-hook' is run."
 (define-derived-mode slitex-mode latex-mode "SliTeX"
   "Major mode for editing files of input for SliTeX.
 Makes $ and } display the characters they match.
-Makes \" insert `` when it seems to be the beginning of a quotation,
+Makes \" insert \\=`\\=` when it seems to be the beginning of a quotation,
 and '' when it appears to be the end; it inserts \" only after a \\.
 
 Use \\[tex-region] to run SliTeX on the current region, plus the preamble
@@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ Entering SliTeX mode runs the hook `text-mode-hook', then the hook
 
 (defun tex-insert-quote (arg)
   "Insert the appropriate quote marks for TeX.
-Inserts the value of `tex-open-quote' (normally ``) or `tex-close-quote'
+Inserts the value of `tex-open-quote' (normally \\=`\\=`) or `tex-close-quote'
 \(normally '') depending on the context.  With prefix argument, always
 inserts \" characters."
   (interactive "*P")
diff --git a/lisp/textmodes/texinfmt.el b/lisp/textmodes/texinfmt.el
index e7b6835df67..cab4f770b98 100644
--- a/lisp/textmodes/texinfmt.el
+++ b/lisp/textmodes/texinfmt.el
@@ -1287,7 +1287,7 @@ Leave point after argument."
 (put 'uref 'texinfo-format 'texinfo-format-uref)
 (defun texinfo-format-uref ()
   "Format URL and optional URL-TITLE.
-Insert ` ... ' around URL if no URL-TITLE argument;
+Insert \\=` ... ' around URL if no URL-TITLE argument;
 otherwise, insert URL-TITLE followed by URL in parentheses."
   (let ((args (texinfo-format-parse-args)))
     (texinfo-discard-command)
@@ -2447,7 +2447,7 @@ Use only the FILENAME arg; for Info, ignore the other arguments to @image."
 ;; not lead to inserted ` ... ' in a table, but does elsewhere.
 (put 'option 'texinfo-format 'texinfo-format-option)
 (defun texinfo-format-option ()
-  "Insert ` ... ' around arg unless inside a table; in that case, no quotes."
+  "Insert \\=` ... ' around arg unless inside a table; in that case, no quotes."
   ;; `looking-at-backward' not available in v. 18.57, 20.2
   (if (not (search-backward ""    ; searched-for character is a control-H
                     (line-beginning-position)
@@ -2494,7 +2494,7 @@ Enclose the verbatim text, including the delimiters, in braces.  Print
 text exactly as written (but not the delimiters) in a fixed-width.
 
 For example, @verb\{|@|\} results in @ and
-@verb\{+@'e?`!`+} results in @'e?`!`."
+@verb\{+@'e?\\=`!\\=`+} results in @'e?\\=`!\\=`."
 
   (let ((delimiter (buffer-substring-no-properties
                     (1+ texinfo-command-end) (+ 2 texinfo-command-end))))
diff --git a/lisp/textmodes/texinfo.el b/lisp/textmodes/texinfo.el
index 895adbf892e..6b28249c427 100644
--- a/lisp/textmodes/texinfo.el
+++ b/lisp/textmodes/texinfo.el
@@ -689,7 +689,7 @@ Puts point on a blank line between them."
   '("example\\>" "smallexample\\>" "lisp\\>"))
 (defun texinfo-insert-quote (&optional arg)
   "Insert the appropriate quote mark for Texinfo.
-Usually inserts the value of `texinfo-open-quote' (normally ``) or
+Usually inserts the value of `texinfo-open-quote' (normally \\=`\\=`) or
 `texinfo-close-quote' (normally ''), depending on the context.
 With prefix argument or inside @code or @example, inserts a plain \"."
   (interactive "*P")