Quote 'like this' in top-level files

* CONTRIBUTE, INSTALL, Makefile.in, README, configure.ac, make-dist:
Prefer to single-quote 'like this' (instead of the older style
`like this').
* configure.ac: Fix some space-before-tab problems that 'git commit'
complained about.

6 files changed, 326 insertions, 326 deletions

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTE b/CONTRIBUTE
index 4205bc3990a..d0e3750dc9d 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTE
+++ b/CONTRIBUTE
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ The general format is as follows.
   a top-level ChangeLog file manually, and update it with 'C-x 4 a' as
   usual.  Do not register the ChangeLog file under git; instead, use
   'C-c C-a' to insert its contents into into your *vc-log* buffer.
-  Or if `log-edit-hook' includes `log-edit-insert-changelog' (which it
+  Or if 'log-edit-hook' includes 'log-edit-insert-changelog' (which it
   does by default), they will be filled in for you automatically.
 
 - Alternatively, you can use the vc-dwim command to maintain commit
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ the entry with "+++". Otherwise do not mark it.
 
 Please see (info "(elisp)Documentation Tips") or
 https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/elisp/Documentation-Tips.html
-for more specific tips on Emacs's doc style.  Use `checkdoc' to check
+for more specific tips on Emacs's doc style.  Use 'checkdoc' to check
 for documentation errors before submitting a patch.
 
 ** Test your changes.
diff --git a/INSTALL b/INSTALL
index 55320207fa3..ebd36e74414 100644
--- a/INSTALL
+++ b/INSTALL
@@ -13,21 +13,21 @@ msdos/INSTALL.  For information about building from a repository checkout
 
 BASIC INSTALLATION
 
-On most Unix systems, you build Emacs by first running the `configure'
+On most Unix systems, you build Emacs by first running the 'configure'
 shell script.  This attempts to deduce the correct values for
 various system-dependent variables and features, and find the
 directories where certain system headers and libraries are kept.
 In a few cases, you may need to explicitly tell configure where to
 find some things, or what options to use.
 
-`configure' creates a `Makefile' in several subdirectories, and a
-`src/config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions.
-Running the `make' utility then builds the package for your system.
+'configure' creates a 'Makefile' in several subdirectories, and a
+'src/config.h' file containing system-dependent definitions.
+Running the 'make' utility then builds the package for your system.
 
 Building Emacs requires GNU make, <http://www.gnu.org/software/make/>.
-On most systems that Emacs supports, this is the default `make' program.
+On most systems that Emacs supports, this is the default 'make' program.
 
-Here's the procedure to build Emacs using `configure' on systems which
+Here's the procedure to build Emacs using 'configure' on systems which
 are supported by it.  In some cases, if the simplified procedure fails,
 you might need to use various non-default options, and maybe perform
 some of the steps manually.  The more detailed description in the other
@@ -40,48 +40,48 @@ sections if you need to.
   This includes the space-saving that comes from automatically
   compressing the Lisp source files on installation.
 
-  2a. `cd' to the directory where you unpacked Emacs and invoke the
-      `configure' script:
+  2a. 'cd' to the directory where you unpacked Emacs and invoke the
+      'configure' script:
 
                  ./configure
 
   2b. Alternatively, create a separate directory, outside the source
-      directory, where you want to build Emacs, and invoke `configure'
+      directory, where you want to build Emacs, and invoke 'configure'
       from there:
 
                  SOURCE-DIR/configure
 
       where SOURCE-DIR is the top-level Emacs source directory.
 
-  3. When `configure' finishes, it prints several lines of details
+  3. When 'configure' finishes, it prints several lines of details
      about the system configuration.  Read those details carefully
      looking for anything suspicious, such as wrong CPU and operating
      system names, wrong places for headers or libraries, missing
      libraries that you know are installed on your system, etc.
 
-     If you find anything wrong, you may have to pass to `configure'
+     If you find anything wrong, you may have to pass to 'configure'
      one or more options specifying the explicit machine configuration
      name, where to find various headers and libraries, etc.
      Refer to the section DETAILED BUILDING AND INSTALLATION below.
 
-     If `configure' didn't find some image support libraries, such as
+     If 'configure' didn't find some image support libraries, such as
      Xpm and jpeg, refer to "Image support libraries" below.
 
-     If the details printed by `configure' don't make any sense to
-     you, but there are no obvious errors, assume that `configure' did
+     If the details printed by 'configure' don't make any sense to
+     you, but there are no obvious errors, assume that 'configure' did
      its job and proceed.
 
-  4. Invoke the `make' program:
+  4. Invoke the 'make' program:
 
                  make
 
-  5. If `make' succeeds, it will build an executable program `emacs'
-     in the `src' directory.  You can try this program, to make sure
+  5. If 'make' succeeds, it will build an executable program 'emacs'
+     in the 'src' directory.  You can try this program, to make sure
      it works:
 
                  src/emacs -Q
 
-  6. Assuming that the program `src/emacs' starts and displays its
+  6. Assuming that the program 'src/emacs' starts and displays its
      opening screen, you can install the program and its auxiliary
      files into their installation directories:
 
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ sections if you need to.
                 make distclean
 
   Note that the install automatically saves space by compressing
-  (provided you have the `gzip' program) those installed Lisp source (.el)
+  (provided you have the 'gzip' program) those installed Lisp source (.el)
   files that have corresponding .elc versions, as well as the Info files.
 
 
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ On GNU and Unix systems, Emacs needs the optional libraries "m17n-db",
 Indic and Khmer, and also for scripts that require Arabic shaping
 support (Arabic and Farsi).  On some systems, particularly GNU/Linux,
 these libraries may be already present or available as additional
-packages.  Note that if there is a separate `dev' or `devel' package,
+packages.  Note that if there is a separate 'dev' or 'devel' package,
 for use at compilation time rather than run time, you will need that
 as well as the corresponding run time package; typically the dev
 package will contain header files and a library archive.  Otherwise,
@@ -148,7 +148,7 @@ XBM images whose support is built-in.
 
 On some systems, particularly on GNU/Linux, these libraries may
 already be present or available as additional packages.  If
-there is a separate `dev' or `devel' package, for use at compilation
+there is a separate 'dev' or 'devel' package, for use at compilation
 time rather than run time, you will need that as well as the
 corresponding run time package; typically the dev package will
 contain header files and a library archive.  Otherwise, you can
@@ -195,15 +195,15 @@ number of free Unicode fonts.
 Many GNU/Linux systems do not come with development packages by default;
 they include the files that you need to run Emacs, but not those you
 need to compile it.  For example, to compile Emacs with support for X
-and graphics libraries, you may need to install the `X development'
+and graphics libraries, you may need to install the X development
 package(s), and development versions of the jpeg, png, etc. packages.
 
 The names of the packages that you need varies according to the
 GNU/Linux distribution that you use, and the options that you want to
 configure Emacs with.  On Debian-based systems, you can install all the
 packages needed to build the installed version of Emacs with a command
-like `apt-get build-dep emacs24'.  On Red Hat systems, the
-corresponding command is `yum-builddep emacs'.
+like 'apt-get build-dep emacs24'.  On Red Hat systems, the
+corresponding command is 'yum-builddep emacs'.
 
 
 DETAILED BUILDING AND INSTALLATION:
@@ -214,37 +214,37 @@ the file nt/INSTALL.  For MS-DOS and MS Windows 3.X, see msdos/INSTALL.)
 
 1) See the basic installation summary above for the disk space requirements.
 
-2) In the unlikely event that `configure' does not detect your system
-type correctly, consult `./etc/MACHINES' to see what --host, --build
-options you should pass to `configure'.  That file also offers hints
+2) In the unlikely event that 'configure' does not detect your system
+type correctly, consult './etc/MACHINES' to see what --host, --build
+options you should pass to 'configure'.  That file also offers hints
 for getting around some possible installation problems.
 
 3) You can build Emacs in the top-level Emacs source directory
 or in a separate directory.
 
 3a) To build in the top-level Emacs source directory, go to that
-directory and run the program `configure' as follows:
+directory and run the program 'configure' as follows:
 
     ./configure [--OPTION[=VALUE]] ...
 
-If `configure' cannot determine your system type, try again
+If 'configure' cannot determine your system type, try again
 specifying the proper --build, --host options explicitly.
 
-If you don't want X support, specify `--with-x=no'.  If you omit this
-option, `configure' will try to figure out for itself whether your
+If you don't want X support, specify '--with-x=no'.  If you omit this
+option, 'configure' will try to figure out for itself whether your
 system has X, and arrange to use it if present.
 
-The `--x-includes=DIR' and `--x-libraries=DIR' options tell the build
+The '--x-includes=DIR' and '--x-libraries=DIR' options tell the build
 process where the compiler should look for the include files and
-object libraries used with the X Window System.  Normally, `configure'
+object libraries used with the X Window System.  Normally, 'configure'
 is able to find them; these options are necessary if you have your X
 Window System files installed in unusual places.  These options also
 accept a list of directories, separated with colons.
 
 To get more attractive menus, you can specify an X toolkit when you
-configure Emacs; use the option `--with-x-toolkit=TOOLKIT', where
-TOOLKIT is `gtk' (the default), `athena', or `motif' (`yes' and
-`lucid' are synonyms for `athena').  Compiling with Motif causes a
+configure Emacs; use the option '--with-x-toolkit=TOOLKIT', where
+TOOLKIT is 'gtk' (the default), 'athena', or 'motif' ('yes' and
+'lucid' are synonyms for 'athena').  Compiling with Motif causes a
 standard File Selection Dialog to pop up when you invoke file commands
 with the mouse.  You can get fancy 3D-style scroll bars, even without
 Gtk or Motif, if you have the Xaw3d library installed (see
@@ -257,12 +257,12 @@ Emacs will autolaunch a D-Bus session bus, when the environment
 variable DISPLAY is set, but no session bus is running.  This might be
 inconvenient for Emacs when running as daemon or running via a remote
 ssh connection.  In order to completely prevent the use of D-Bus, configure
-Emacs with the options `--without-dbus --without-gconf --without-gsettings'.
+Emacs with the options '--without-dbus --without-gconf --without-gsettings'.
 
 The Emacs mail reader RMAIL is configured to be able to read mail from
 a POP3 server by default.  Versions of the POP protocol older than
 POP3 are not supported.  For Kerberos-authenticated POP add
-`--with-kerberos', for Hesiod support add `--with-hesiod'.  While POP3
+'--with-kerberos', for Hesiod support add '--with-hesiod'.  While POP3
 is always enabled, whether Emacs actually uses POP is controlled by
 individual users--see the Rmail chapter of the Emacs manual.
 
@@ -322,28 +322,28 @@ that goes awry.  'make V=1' also enables the extra chatter.
 
 Use --enable-link-time-optimization to enable link-time optimizer.  If
 you're using GNU compiler, this feature is supported since version 4.5.0.
-If `configure' can determine number of online CPUS on your system, final
+If 'configure' can determine number of online CPUS on your system, final
 link-time optimization and code generation is executed in parallel using
 one job per each available online CPU.
 
 This option is also supported for clang.  You should have GNU binutils
-with `gold' linker and plugin support, and clang with LLVMgold.so plugin.
+with 'gold' linker and plugin support, and clang with LLVMgold.so plugin.
 Read http://llvm.org/docs/GoldPlugin.html for details.  Also note that
 this feature is still experimental, so prepare to build binutils and
 clang from the corresponding source code repositories.
 
-The `--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process
-should put emacs and its data files.  This defaults to `/usr/local'.
+The '--prefix=PREFIXDIR' option specifies where the installation process
+should put emacs and its data files.  This defaults to '/usr/local'.
 - Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in PREFIXDIR/bin
-  (unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).
+  (unless the '--exec-prefix' option says otherwise).
 - The architecture-independent files go in PREFIXDIR/share/emacs/VERSION
-  (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like `23.2').
+  (where VERSION is the version number of Emacs, like '23.2').
 - The architecture-dependent files go in
   PREFIXDIR/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION
   (where CONFIGURATION is the configuration name, like
-  i686-pc-linux-gnu), unless the `--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.
+  i686-pc-linux-gnu), unless the '--exec-prefix' option says otherwise.
 
-The `--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate
+The '--exec-prefix=EXECDIR' option allows you to specify a separate
 portion of the directory tree for installing architecture-specific
 files, like executables and utility programs.  If specified,
 - Emacs (and the other utilities users run) go in EXECDIR/bin, and
@@ -358,26 +358,26 @@ For example, the command
 configures Emacs to build for a 32-bit GNU/Linux distribution,
 without sound support.
 
-`configure' doesn't do any compilation or installation itself.
+'configure' doesn't do any compilation or installation itself.
 It just creates the files that influence those things:
-`./Makefile' in the top-level directory and several subdirectories;
-and `./src/config.h'.
-
-When it is done, `configure' prints a description of what it did and
-creates a shell script `config.status' which, when run, recreates the
-same configuration.  If `configure' exits with an error after
-disturbing the status quo, it removes `config.status'.  `configure'
-also creates a file `config.cache' that saves the results of its tests
-to make reconfiguring faster, and a file `config.log' containing compiler
-output (useful mainly for debugging `configure').  You can give
-`configure' the option `--cache-file=FILE' to use the results of the
-tests in FILE instead of `config.cache'.  Set FILE to `/dev/null' to
-disable caching, for debugging `configure'.
-
-If the description of the system configuration printed by `configure'
+'./Makefile' in the top-level directory and several subdirectories;
+and './src/config.h'.
+
+When it is done, 'configure' prints a description of what it did and
+creates a shell script 'config.status' which, when run, recreates the
+same configuration.  If 'configure' exits with an error after
+disturbing the status quo, it removes 'config.status'.  'configure'
+also creates a file 'config.cache' that saves the results of its tests
+to make reconfiguring faster, and a file 'config.log' containing compiler
+output (useful mainly for debugging 'configure').  You can give
+'configure' the option '--cache-file=FILE' to use the results of the
+tests in FILE instead of 'config.cache'.  Set FILE to '/dev/null' to
+disable caching, for debugging 'configure'.
+
+If the description of the system configuration printed by 'configure'
 is not right, or if it claims some of the features or libraries are not
-available when you know they are, look at the `config.log' file for
-the trace of the failed tests performed by `configure' to check
+available when you know they are, look at the 'config.log' file for
+the trace of the failed tests performed by 'configure' to check
 whether these features are supported.  Typically, some test fails
 because the compiler cannot find some function in the system
 libraries, or some macro-processor definition in the system headers.
@@ -385,29 +385,29 @@ libraries, or some macro-processor definition in the system headers.
 Some tests might fail because the compiler should look in special
 directories for some header files, or link against optional
 libraries, or use special compilation options.  You can force
-`configure' and the build process which follows it to do that by
+'configure' and the build process which follows it to do that by
 setting the variables CPPFLAGS, CFLAGS, LDFLAGS, LIBS, CPP and CC
-before running `configure'.  CPP is the command which invokes the
+before running 'configure'.  CPP is the command which invokes the
 preprocessor, CPPFLAGS lists the options passed to it, CFLAGS are
 compilation options, LDFLAGS are options used when linking, LIBS are
 libraries to link against, and CC is the command which invokes the
 compiler.  By default, gcc is used if available.
 
-Here's an example of a `configure' invocation, assuming a Bourne-like
+Here's an example of a 'configure' invocation, assuming a Bourne-like
 shell such as Bash, which uses these variables:
 
   ./configure \
     CPPFLAGS='-I/foo/myinclude' LDFLAGS='-L/bar/mylib' \
     CFLAGS='-O3' LIBS='-lfoo -lbar'
 
-(this is all one shell command).  This tells `configure' to instruct the
-preprocessor to look in the `/foo/myinclude' directory for header
+(this is all one shell command).  This tells 'configure' to instruct the
+preprocessor to look in the '/foo/myinclude' directory for header
 files (in addition to the standard directories), instruct the linker
-to look in `/bar/mylib' for libraries, pass the -O3 optimization
+to look in '/bar/mylib' for libraries, pass the -O3 optimization
 switch to the compiler, and link against libfoo and libbar
 libraries in addition to the standard ones.
 
-For some libraries, like Gtk+, fontconfig and ALSA, `configure' uses
+For some libraries, like Gtk+, fontconfig and ALSA, 'configure' uses
 pkg-config to find where those libraries are installed.
 If you want pkg-config to look in special directories, you have to set
 PKG_CONFIG_PATH to point to the directories where the .pc-files for
@@ -417,27 +417,27 @@ those libraries are.  For example:
     PKG_CONFIG_PATH='/usr/local/alsa/lib/pkgconfig:/opt/gtk+-2.8/lib/pkgconfig'
 
 3b) To build in a separate directory, go to that directory
-and run the program `configure' as follows:
+and run the program 'configure' as follows:
 
     SOURCE-DIR/configure CONFIGURATION-NAME [--OPTION[=VALUE]] ...
 
 SOURCE-DIR refers to the top-level Emacs source directory which is
-where Emacs's configure script is located.  `configure' looks for the
-Emacs source code in the directory that `configure' is in.
+where Emacs's configure script is located.  'configure' looks for the
+Emacs source code in the directory that 'configure' is in.
 
-4) Put into `./lisp/site-init.el' or `./lisp/site-load.el' any Emacs
+4) Put into './lisp/site-init.el' or './lisp/site-load.el' any Emacs
 Lisp code you want Emacs to load before it is dumped out.  Use
 site-load.el for additional libraries if you arrange for their
 documentation strings to be in the etc/DOC file (see
 src/Makefile.in if you wish to figure out how to do that).  For all
 else, use site-init.el.  Do not load byte-compiled code which
-was built with a non-nil value of `byte-compile-dynamic'.
+was built with a non-nil value of 'byte-compile-dynamic'.
 
 It is not a good idea to edit the normal .el files that come with Emacs.
 Instead, use a file like site-init.el to change settings.
 
 To change the value of a variable that is already defined in Emacs,
-you should use the Lisp function `setq', not `defvar'.  For example,
+you should use the Lisp function 'setq', not 'defvar'.  For example,
 
      (setq news-inews-program "/usr/bin/inews")
 
@@ -449,46 +449,46 @@ variable gets by default!  Make sure you know what kind of value the
 variable should have.  If you don't pay attention to what you are
 doing, you'll make a mistake.
 
-The `site-*.el' files are nonexistent in the distribution.  You do not
+The 'site-*.el' files are nonexistent in the distribution.  You do not
 need to create them if you have nothing to put in them.
 
-5) Refer to the file `./etc/TERMS' for information on fields you may
+5) Refer to the file './etc/TERMS' for information on fields you may
 wish to add to various termcap entries.  (This is unlikely to be necessary.)
 
-6) Run `make' in the top directory of the Emacs distribution to finish
+6) Run 'make' in the top directory of the Emacs distribution to finish
 building Emacs in the standard way.  The final executable file is
-named `src/emacs'.  You can execute this file "in place" without
+named 'src/emacs'.  You can execute this file "in place" without
 copying it, if you wish; then it automatically uses the sibling
 directories ../lisp, ../lib-src, ../info.
 
 Or you can "install" the executable and the other files into their
-installed locations, with `make install'.  By default, Emacs's files
+installed locations, with 'make install'.  By default, Emacs's files
 are installed in the following directories:
 
-`/usr/local/bin' holds the executable programs users normally run -
-                `emacs', `etags', `ctags', `emacsclient'.
+'/usr/local/bin' holds the executable programs users normally run -
+                'emacs', 'etags', 'ctags', 'emacsclient'.
 
-`/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp' holds the Emacs Lisp library;
-                `VERSION' stands for the number of the Emacs version
-                you are installing, like `23.1' or `23.2'.  Since the
+'/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp' holds the Emacs Lisp library;
+                'VERSION' stands for the number of the Emacs version
+                you are installing, like '23.1' or '23.2'.  Since the
                 Lisp library changes from one version of Emacs to
                 another, including the version number in the path
                 allows you to have several versions of Emacs installed
                 at the same time; in particular, you don't have to
                 make Emacs unavailable while installing a new version.
 
-`/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/etc' holds the Emacs tutorial, the DOC
+'/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/etc' holds the Emacs tutorial, the DOC
                 file, and other architecture-independent files Emacs
                 might need while running.
 
-`/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME' contains executable
+'/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME' contains executable
                 programs used by Emacs that users are not expected to
                 run themselves.
-                `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are
-                installing, and `CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the value
-                deduced by the `configure' program to identify the
+                'VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are
+                installing, and 'CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the value
+                deduced by the 'configure' program to identify the
                 architecture and operating system of your machine,
-                like `i686-pc-linux-gnu' or `sparc-sun-sunos'.  Since
+                like 'i686-pc-linux-gnu' or 'sparc-sun-sunos'.  Since
                 these files are specific to the version of Emacs,
                 operating system, and architecture in use, including
                 the configuration name in the path allows you to have
@@ -497,35 +497,35 @@ are installed in the following directories:
                 useful for sites at which different kinds of machines
                 share the file system Emacs is installed on.
 
-`/usr/local/share/info' holds the on-line documentation for Emacs,
+'/usr/local/share/info' holds the on-line documentation for Emacs,
                 known as "info files".  Many other GNU programs are
                 documented using info files as well, so this directory
                 stands apart from the other, Emacs-specific directories.
 
-`/usr/local/share/man/man1' holds the man pages for the programs installed
-                in `/usr/local/bin'.
+'/usr/local/share/man/man1' holds the man pages for the programs installed
+                in '/usr/local/bin'.
 
 Any version of Emacs, whether installed or not, also looks for Lisp
 files in these directories.
 
-`/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
+'/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
                 files installed for Emacs version VERSION only.
 
-`/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
+'/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp' holds the local Emacs Lisp
                 files installed for all Emacs versions.
 
                 When Emacs is installed, it searches for its Lisp files
-                in `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp', then in
-                `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', and finally in
-                `/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp'.
+                in '/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/site-lisp', then in
+                '/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', and finally in
+                '/usr/local/share/emacs/VERSION/lisp'.
 
 If these directories are not what you want, you can specify where to
 install Emacs's libraries and data files or where Emacs should search
-for its Lisp files by giving values for `make' variables as part of
-the command.  See the section below called `MAKE VARIABLES' for more
+for its Lisp files by giving values for 'make' variables as part of
+the command.  See the section below called 'MAKE VARIABLES' for more
 information on this.
 
-7) Check the file `dir' in your site's info directory (usually
+7) Check the file 'dir' in your site's info directory (usually
 /usr/local/share/info) to make sure that it has a menu entry for the
 Emacs info files.
 
@@ -534,51 +534,51 @@ then you might need to make the movemail program setuid or setgid
 to enable it to write the lock files.  We believe this is safe.
 
 9) You are done!  You can remove executables and object files from
-the build directory by typing `make clean'.  To also remove the files
-that `configure' created (so you can compile Emacs for a different
-configuration), type `make distclean'.
+the build directory by typing 'make clean'.  To also remove the files
+that 'configure' created (so you can compile Emacs for a different
+configuration), type 'make distclean'.
 
 
 MAKE VARIABLES
 
 You can change where the build process installs Emacs and its data
-files by specifying values for `make' variables as part of the `make'
+files by specifying values for 'make' variables as part of the 'make'
 command line.  For example, if you type
 
     make install bindir=/usr/local/gnubin
 
-the `bindir=/usr/local/gnubin' argument indicates that the Emacs
-executable files should go in `/usr/local/gnubin', not
-`/usr/local/bin'.
+the 'bindir=/usr/local/gnubin' argument indicates that the Emacs
+executable files should go in '/usr/local/gnubin', not
+'/usr/local/bin'.
 
 Here is a complete list of the variables you may want to set.
 
-`bindir' indicates where to put executable programs that users can
+'bindir' indicates where to put executable programs that users can
         run.  This defaults to /usr/local/bin.
 
-`datadir' indicates where to put the architecture-independent
+'datadir' indicates where to put the architecture-independent
         read-only data files that Emacs refers to while it runs; it
         defaults to /usr/local/share.  We create the following
-        subdirectories under `datadir':
-        - `emacs/VERSION/lisp', containing the Emacs Lisp library, and
-        - `emacs/VERSION/etc', containing the tutorials, DOC file, etc.
-        `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
-        like `23.1' or `23.2'.  Since these files vary from one version
+        subdirectories under 'datadir':
+        - 'emacs/VERSION/lisp', containing the Emacs Lisp library, and
+        - 'emacs/VERSION/etc', containing the tutorials, DOC file, etc.
+        'VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
+        like '23.1' or '23.2'.  Since these files vary from one version
         of Emacs to another, including the version number in the path
         allows you to have several versions of Emacs installed at the
         same time; this means that you don't have to make Emacs
         unavailable while installing a new version.
 
-`libexecdir' indicates where to put architecture-specific data files that
-        Emacs refers to as it runs; it defaults to `/usr/local/libexec'.
-        We create the following subdirectories under `libexecdir':
-        - `emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME', containing executable
+'libexecdir' indicates where to put architecture-specific data files that
+        Emacs refers to as it runs; it defaults to '/usr/local/libexec'.
+        We create the following subdirectories under 'libexecdir':
+        - 'emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME', containing executable
                 programs used by Emacs that users are not expected to run
                 themselves.
-        `VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
-        and `CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the value deduced by the
-        `configure' program to identify the architecture and operating
-        system of your machine, like `i686-pc-linux-gnu' or `sparc-sun-sunos'.
+        'VERSION' is the number of the Emacs version you are installing,
+        and 'CONFIGURATION-NAME' is the value deduced by the
+        'configure' program to identify the architecture and operating
+        system of your machine, like 'i686-pc-linux-gnu' or 'sparc-sun-sunos'.
         Since these files are specific to the version of Emacs,
         operating system, and architecture in use, including the
         configuration name in the path allows you to have several
@@ -587,57 +587,57 @@ Here is a complete list of the variables you may want to set.
         at which different kinds of machines share the file system
         Emacs is installed on.
 
-`infodir' indicates where to put the info files distributed with
-        Emacs; it defaults to `/usr/local/share/info'.
+'infodir' indicates where to put the info files distributed with
+        Emacs; it defaults to '/usr/local/share/info'.
 
-`mandir' indicates where to put the man pages for Emacs and its
-        utilities (like `etags'); it defaults to
-        `/usr/local/share/man/man1'.
+'mandir' indicates where to put the man pages for Emacs and its
+        utilities (like 'etags'); it defaults to
+        '/usr/local/share/man/man1'.
 
-`prefix' doesn't give a path for any specific part of Emacs; instead,
+'prefix' doesn't give a path for any specific part of Emacs; instead,
         its value is used to determine the defaults for all the
-        architecture-independent path variables - `datadir',
-        `sharedstatedir', `infodir', and `mandir'.  Its default value is
-        `/usr/local'; the other variables add on `lib' or `man' to it
+        architecture-independent path variables - 'datadir',
+        'sharedstatedir', 'infodir', and 'mandir'.  Its default value is
+        '/usr/local'; the other variables add on 'lib' or 'man' to it
         by default.
 
         For example, suppose your site generally places GNU software
-        under `/usr/users/software/gnusoft' instead of `/usr/local'.
+        under '/usr/users/software/gnusoft' instead of '/usr/local'.
         By including
-            `prefix=/usr/users/software/gnusoft'
-        in the arguments to `make', you can instruct the build process
+            'prefix=/usr/users/software/gnusoft'
+        in the arguments to 'make', you can instruct the build process
         to place all of the Emacs data files in the appropriate
         directories under that path.
 
-`exec_prefix' serves the same purpose as `prefix', but instead
+'exec_prefix' serves the same purpose as 'prefix', but instead
         determines the default values for the architecture-dependent
-        path variables - `bindir' and `libexecdir'.
+        path variables - 'bindir' and 'libexecdir'.
 
 The above variables serve analogous purposes in the makefiles for all
 GNU software; the following variables are specific to Emacs.
 
-`archlibdir' indicates where Emacs installs and expects the executable
+'archlibdir' indicates where Emacs installs and expects the executable
         files and other architecture-dependent data it uses while
-        running.  Its default value, based on `libexecdir' (which
-        see), is `/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME'
+        running.  Its default value, based on 'libexecdir' (which
+        see), is '/usr/local/libexec/emacs/VERSION/CONFIGURATION-NAME'
         (where VERSION and CONFIGURATION-NAME are as described above).
 
-`GZIP_PROG' is the name of the executable that compresses installed info,
+'GZIP_PROG' is the name of the executable that compresses installed info,
         manual, and .el files.  It defaults to gzip.  Setting it to
         the empty string suppresses compression.
 
 Remember that you must specify any variable values you need each time
-you run `make' in the top directory.  If you run `make' once to build
-emacs, test it, and then run `make' again to install the files, you
+you run 'make' in the top directory.  If you run 'make' once to build
+emacs, test it, and then run 'make' again to install the files, you
 must provide the same variable settings each time.  To make the
-settings persist, you can edit them into the `Makefile' in the top
-directory, but be aware that running the `configure' program erases
-`Makefile' and rebuilds it from `Makefile.in'.
+settings persist, you can edit them into the 'Makefile' in the top
+directory, but be aware that running the 'configure' program erases
+'Makefile' and rebuilds it from 'Makefile.in'.
 
 The path for finding Lisp files is specified in src/epaths.h,
 a file which is generated by running configure.  To change the path,
 you can edit the definition of PATH_LOADSEARCH in that file
-before you run `make'.
+before you run 'make'.
 
 The top-level Makefile stores the variable settings it used in the
 Makefiles for the subdirectories, so you don't have to specify them
@@ -646,7 +646,7 @@ when running make in the subdirectories.
 
 PROBLEMS
 
-See the file `./etc/PROBLEMS' for a list of various problems sometimes
+See the file './etc/PROBLEMS' for a list of various problems sometimes
 encountered, and what to do about them.
 
 This file is part of GNU Emacs.
diff --git a/Makefile.in b/Makefile.in
index f065cd34771..ff8dbf3011c 100644
--- a/Makefile.in
+++ b/Makefile.in
@@ -30,13 +30,13 @@
 #      by building, but normally aren't because the distribution comes
 #      with them.
 #
-#      Delete `.dvi' files here if they are not part of the distribution.
+#      Delete '.dvi' files here if they are not part of the distribution.
 #
 # make distclean
 #      Delete all files from the current directory that are created by
 #      configuring or building the program.  If you have unpacked the
 #      source and built the program without creating any other files,
-#      `make distclean' should leave only the files that were in the
+#      'make distclean' should leave only the files that were in the
 #      distribution.
 #
 # make maintainer-clean
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ CDPATH=
 # If Make doesn't predefine MAKE, set it here.
 @SET_MAKE@
 
-# ==================== Things `configure' Might Edit ====================
+# ==================== Things 'configure' Might Edit ====================
 
 cache_file = @cache_file@
 CONFIGURE_FLAGS = --cache-file=$(cache_file)
@@ -84,11 +84,11 @@ EXEEXT=@EXEEXT@
 ### to install files in.
 
 ### This should be the number of the Emacs version we're building,
-### like `18.59' or `19.0'.
+### like '24.5' or '25.0.50'.
 version=@version@
 
 ### This should be the name of the configuration we're building Emacs
-### for, like `mips-dec-ultrix' or `sparc-sun-sunos'.
+### for, like 'x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu' or 'powerpc-ibm-aix7.1.2.0'.
 configuration=@configuration@
 
 ### The nt/ subdirectory gets built only for MinGW
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ ns_self_contained=@ns_self_contained@
 # not need to change them.  This defaults to /usr/local.
 prefix=@prefix@
 
-# Like `prefix', but used for architecture-specific files.
+# Like 'prefix', but used for architecture-specific files.
 exec_prefix=@exec_prefix@
 
 # Where to install Emacs and other binaries that people will want to
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ bitmapdir=@bitmapdir@
 # Where to find the source code.  The source code for Emacs's C kernel is
 # expected to be in ${srcdir}/src, and the source code for Emacs's
 # utility programs is expected to be in ${srcdir}/lib-src.  This is
-# set by the configure script's `--srcdir' option.
+# set by the configure script's '--srcdir' option.
 
 # We use $(srcdir) explicitly in dependencies so as not to depend on VPATH.
 srcdir=@srcdir@
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ etc-emacsver:
 
 removenullpaths=sed -e 's/^:*//' -e 's/:*$$//g' -e 's/::*/:/g'
 
-# Generate epaths.h from epaths.in.  This target is invoked by `configure'.
+# Generate epaths.h from epaths.in.  This target is invoked by 'configure'.
 # See comments in configure.ac for why it is done this way, as opposed
 # to just letting configure generate epaths.h from epaths.in in a
 # similar way to how Makefile is made from Makefile.in.
@@ -350,7 +350,7 @@ epaths-force:
 # The w32 build needs a slightly different editing, and it uses
 # nt/epaths.nt as the template.
 #
-# Use the value of ${locallisppath} supplied by `configure',
+# Use the value of ${locallisppath} supplied by 'configure',
 # to support the --enable-locallisppath argument.
 #
 # In this case, the paths written to 'src/epaths.h' must be in native
@@ -377,10 +377,10 @@ lib-src src: $(NTDIR) lib
 
 src: lib-src
 
-# We need to build `emacs' in `src' to compile the *.elc files in `lisp'.
+# We need to build 'emacs' in 'src' to compile the *.elc files in 'lisp'.
 lisp: src
 
-# These targets should be "${SUBDIR} without `src'".
+# These targets should be "${SUBDIR} without 'src'".
 lib lib-src lisp nt: Makefile
         $(MAKE) -C $@ all
 
@@ -733,8 +733,8 @@ install-etc:
 install-strip:
         $(MAKE) INSTALL_STRIP=-s install
 
-### Delete all the installed files that the `install' target would
-### create (but not the noninstalled files such as `make all' would create).
+### Delete all the installed files that the 'install' target would
+### create (but not the noninstalled files such as 'make all' would create).
 ###
 ### Don't delete the lisp and etc directories if they're in the source tree.
 uninstall: uninstall-$(NTDIR) uninstall-doc
@@ -803,10 +803,10 @@ $(1)_$(2):
         $$(MAKE) -C $(1) $(2)
 endef
 
-### `mostlyclean'
-###      Like `clean', but may refrain from deleting a few files that people
-###      normally don't want to recompile.  For example, the `mostlyclean'
-###      target for GCC does not delete `libgcc.a', because recompiling it
+### 'mostlyclean'
+###      Like 'clean', but may refrain from deleting a few files that people
+###      normally don't want to recompile.  For example, the 'mostlyclean'
+###      target for GCC does not delete 'libgcc.a', because recompiling it
 ###      is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time.
 mostlyclean_dirs = src oldXMenu lwlib lib lib-src nt doc/emacs doc/misc \
   doc/lispref doc/lispintro
@@ -818,14 +818,14 @@ mostlyclean: $(mostlyclean_dirs:=_mostlyclean)
           [ ! -d $$dir ] || $(MAKE) -C $$dir mostlyclean; \
         done
 
-### `clean'
+### 'clean'
 ###      Delete all files from the current directory that are normally
 ###      created by building the program.  Don't delete the files that
 ###      record the configuration.  Also preserve files that could be made
 ###      by building, but normally aren't because the distribution comes
 ###      with them.
 ###
-###      Delete `.dvi' files here if they are not part of the distribution.
+###      Delete '.dvi' files here if they are not part of the distribution.
 clean_dirs = $(mostlyclean_dirs) nextstep
 
 $(foreach dir,$(clean_dirs),$(eval $(call submake_template,$(dir),clean)))
@@ -837,16 +837,16 @@ clean: $(clean_dirs:=_clean)
         -rm -f *.tmp etc/*.tmp*
         -rm -rf info-dir.*
 
-### `bootclean'
+### 'bootclean'
 ###      Delete all files that need to be remade for a clean bootstrap.
 top_bootclean=\
         rm -f config.cache config.log ${srcdir}/doc/man/emacs.1
 
-### `distclean'
+### 'distclean'
 ###      Delete all files from the current directory that are created by
 ###      configuring or building the program.  If you have unpacked the
 ###      source and built the program without creating any other files,
-###      `make distclean' should leave only the files that were in the
+###      'make distclean' should leave only the files that were in the
 ###      distribution.
 top_distclean=\
         ${top_bootclean}; \
@@ -862,8 +862,8 @@ distclean: $(distclean_dirs:=_distclean)
         done
         ${top_distclean}
 
-### `bootstrap-clean'
-###      Delete everything that can be reconstructed by `make' and that
+### 'bootstrap-clean'
+###      Delete everything that can be reconstructed by 'make' and that
 ###      needs to be deleted in order to force a bootstrap from a clean state.
 $(foreach dir,$(distclean_dirs),$(eval $(call submake_template,$(dir),bootstrap-clean)))
 
@@ -876,16 +876,16 @@ bootstrap-clean: $(distclean_dirs:=_bootstrap-clean)
         rm -f ${srcdir}/etc/refcards/emacsver.tex
         ${top_bootclean}
 
-### `maintainer-clean'
+### 'maintainer-clean'
 ###      Delete everything from the current directory that can be
 ###      reconstructed with this Makefile.  This typically includes
 ###      everything deleted by distclean, plus more: C source files
 ###      produced by Bison, tags tables, info files, and so on.
 ###
-###      One exception, however: `make maintainer-clean' should not delete
-###      `configure' even if `configure' can be remade using a rule in the
-###      Makefile.  More generally, `make maintainer-clean' should not delete
-###      anything that needs to exist in order to run `configure' and then
+###      One exception, however: 'make maintainer-clean' should not delete
+###      'configure' even if 'configure' can be remade using a rule in the
+###      Makefile.  More generally, 'make maintainer-clean' should not delete
+###      anything that needs to exist in order to run 'configure' and then
 ###      begin to build the program.
 top_maintainer_clean=\
         ${top_distclean}; \
diff --git a/README b/README
index 0e32b6c65f1..be998524d75 100644
--- a/README
+++ b/README
@@ -22,71 +22,71 @@ in code we don't use often.  Please send bug reports to the mailing
 list bug-gnu-emacs@gnu.org.  If possible, use M-x report-emacs-bug.
 
 See the "Bugs" section of the Emacs manual for more information on how
-to report bugs.  (The file `BUGS' in this directory explains how you
+to report bugs.  (The file 'BUGS' in this directory explains how you
 can find and read that section using the Info files that come with
 Emacs.)  For a list of mailing lists related to Emacs, see
 <http://savannah.gnu.org/mail/?group=emacs>.  For the complete
 list of GNU mailing lists, see <http://lists.gnu.org/>.
 
-The `etc' subdirectory contains several other files, named in capital
+The 'etc' subdirectory contains several other files, named in capital
 letters, which you might consider looking at when installing GNU
 Emacs.
 
-The file `configure' is a shell script to acclimate Emacs to the
+The file 'configure' is a shell script to acclimate Emacs to the
 oddities of your processor and operating system.  It creates the file
-`Makefile' (a script for the `make' program), which automates the
+'Makefile' (a script for the 'make' program), which automates the
 process of building and installing Emacs.  See INSTALL for more
 detailed information.
 
-The file `configure.ac' is the input used by the autoconf program to
-construct the `configure' script.
+The file 'configure.ac' is the input used by the autoconf program to
+construct the 'configure' script.
 
-The shell script `autogen.sh' generates 'configure' and other files by
+The shell script 'autogen.sh' generates 'configure' and other files by
 running the GNU build tools autoconf and automake, which in turn use
 GNU m4 and Perl.  If you want to use it, you will need to install
 recent versions of these build tools.  This should be needed only if
-you edit files like `configure.ac' that specify Emacs's autobuild
+you edit files like 'configure.ac' that specify Emacs's autobuild
 procedure.
 
-The file `Makefile.in' is a template used by `configure' to create
-`Makefile'.
+The file 'Makefile.in' is a template used by 'configure' to create
+'Makefile'.
 
-The file `make-dist' is a shell script to build a distribution tar
+The file 'make-dist' is a shell script to build a distribution tar
 file from the current Emacs tree, containing only those files
 appropriate for distribution.  If you make extensive changes to Emacs,
 this script will help you distribute your version to others.
 
 There are several subdirectories:
 
-`src'       holds the C code for Emacs (the Emacs Lisp interpreter and
+'src'       holds the C code for Emacs (the Emacs Lisp interpreter and
             its primitives, the redisplay code, and some basic editing
             functions).
-`lisp'      holds the Emacs Lisp code for Emacs (most everything else).
-`leim'      holds the original source files for the generated files
+'lisp'      holds the Emacs Lisp code for Emacs (most everything else).
+'leim'      holds the original source files for the generated files
             in lisp/leim.  These form the library of Emacs input methods,
             required to type international characters that can't be
             directly produced by your keyboard.
-`lib'       holds source code for libraries used by Emacs and its utilities
-`lib-src'   holds the source code for some utility programs for use by or
+'lib'       holds source code for libraries used by Emacs and its utilities
+'lib-src'   holds the source code for some utility programs for use by or
             with Emacs, like movemail and etags.
-`etc'       holds miscellaneous architecture-independent data files Emacs
+'etc'       holds miscellaneous architecture-independent data files Emacs
             uses, like the tutorial text and tool bar images.
-            The contents of the `lisp', `leim', `info', and `doc'
+            The contents of the 'lisp', 'leim', 'info', and 'doc'
             subdirectories are architecture-independent too.
-`info'      holds the Info documentation tree for Emacs.
-`doc/emacs' holds the source code for the Emacs Manual.  If you modify the
-            manual sources, you will need the `makeinfo' program to produce
-            an updated manual.  `makeinfo' is part of the GNU Texinfo
+'info'      holds the Info documentation tree for Emacs.
+'doc/emacs' holds the source code for the Emacs Manual.  If you modify the
+            manual sources, you will need the 'makeinfo' program to produce
+            an updated manual.  'makeinfo' is part of the GNU Texinfo
             package; you need a suitably recent version of Texinfo.
-`doc/lispref'   holds the source code for the Emacs Lisp reference manual.
-`doc/lispintro' holds the source code for the Introduction to Programming
+'doc/lispref'   holds the source code for the Emacs Lisp reference manual.
+'doc/lispintro' holds the source code for the Introduction to Programming
                 in Emacs Lisp manual.
-`msdos'     holds configuration files for compiling Emacs under MS-DOS.
-`nextstep'  holds instructions and some other files for compiling the
+'msdos'     holds configuration files for compiling Emacs under MS-DOS.
+'nextstep'  holds instructions and some other files for compiling the
             Nextstep port of Emacs, for GNUstep and Mac OS X Cocoa.
-`nt'        holds various command files and documentation files that pertain
+'nt'        holds various command files and documentation files that pertain
             to building and running Emacs on Windows 9X/ME/NT/2000/XP.
-`test'      holds tests for various aspects of Emacs's functionality.
+'test'      holds tests for various aspects of Emacs's functionality.
 
    Building Emacs on non-Posix platforms requires tools that aren't part
 of the standard distribution of the OS.  The platform-specific README
diff --git a/configure.ac b/configure.ac
index 4cb3c354da5..d2f21eeddae 100644
--- a/configure.ac
+++ b/configure.ac
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 dnl  Autoconf script for GNU Emacs
-dnl To rebuild the `configure' script from this, execute the command
-dnl     autoconf
+dnl To rebuild the 'configure' script from this, execute the command
+dnl     autoconf
 dnl in the directory containing this script.
 dnl If you changed any AC_DEFINES, also run autoheader.
 dnl
@@ -283,8 +283,8 @@ AC_ARG_WITH([sound],[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-sound=VALUE],
 default yes).  Only for GNU/Linux, FreeBSD, NetBSD, MinGW, Cygwin.])],
   [ case "${withval}" in
       yes|no|alsa|oss|bsd-ossaudio) val=$withval ;;
-      *) AC_MSG_ERROR([`--with-sound=$withval' is invalid;
-this option's value should be `yes', `no', `alsa', `oss', or `bsd-ossaudio'.])
+      *) AC_MSG_ERROR(['--with-sound=$withval' is invalid;
+this option's value should be 'yes', 'no', 'alsa', 'oss', or 'bsd-ossaudio'.])
       ;;
     esac
     with_sound=$val
@@ -307,10 +307,10 @@ AC_ARG_WITH([x-toolkit],[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-x-toolkit=KIT],
             gtk2  )     val=gtk2 ;;
             gtk3  )     val=gtk3 ;;
             * )
-AC_MSG_ERROR([`--with-x-toolkit=$withval' is invalid;
-this option's value should be `yes', `no', `lucid', `athena', `motif', `gtk',
-`gtk2' or `gtk3'.  `yes' and `gtk' are synonyms.
-`athena' and `lucid' are synonyms.])
+AC_MSG_ERROR(['--with-x-toolkit=$withval' is invalid;
+this option's value should be 'yes', 'no', 'lucid', 'athena', 'motif', 'gtk',
+'gtk2' or 'gtk3'.  'yes' and 'gtk' are synonyms.
+'athena' and 'lucid' are synonyms.])
             ;;
           esac
           with_x_toolkit=$val
@@ -359,10 +359,10 @@ AC_ARG_WITH([file-notification],[AS_HELP_STRING([--with-file-notification=LIB],
     g | gf | gfi | gfil | gfile )       val=gfile ;;
     i | in | ino | inot | inoti | inotif | inotify )    val=inotify ;;
     w | w3 | w32 )      val=w32 ;;
-    * ) AC_MSG_ERROR([`--with-file-notification=$withval' is invalid;
-this option's value should be `yes', `no', `gfile', `inotify' or `w32'.
-`yes' is a synonym for `w32' on MS-Windows, for `no' on Nextstep,
-otherwise for the first of `gfile' or `inotify' that is usable.])
+    * ) AC_MSG_ERROR(['--with-file-notification=$withval' is invalid;
+this option's value should be 'yes', 'no', 'gfile', 'inotify' or 'w32'.
+'yes' is a synonym for 'w32' on MS-Windows, for 'no' on Nextstep,
+otherwise for the first of 'gfile' or 'inotify' that is usable.])
     ;;
    esac
    with_file_notification=$val
@@ -458,8 +458,8 @@ do
                         ac_gc_check_cons_list=1 ;
                         ac_glyphs_debug=1 ;;
         # these enable particular checks
-        stringbytes)    ac_gc_check_stringbytes=1 ;;
-        stringoverrun)  ac_gc_check_string_overrun=1 ;;
+        stringbytes)    ac_gc_check_stringbytes=1 ;;
+        stringoverrun)  ac_gc_check_string_overrun=1 ;;
         stringfreelist) ac_gc_check_string_free_list=1 ;;
         xmallocoverrun) ac_xmalloc_overrun=1 ;;
         conslist)       ac_gc_check_cons_list=1 ;;
@@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ AC_SUBST(PROFILING_CFLAGS)
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(autodepend,
 [AS_HELP_STRING([--enable-autodepend],
                 [automatically generate dependencies to .h-files.
-                 Requires gcc, enabled if found.])],
+                 Requires gcc, enabled if found.])],
 [ac_enable_autodepend="${enableval}"],[ac_enable_autodepend=yes])
 
 AC_ARG_ENABLE(gtk-deprecation-warnings,
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ AC_ARG_ENABLE(gtk-deprecation-warnings,
                 [Show Gtk+/Gdk deprecation warnings for Gtk+ >= 3.0])],
 [ac_enable_gtk_deprecation_warnings="${enableval}"],[])
 
-dnl This used to use changequote, but, apart from `changequote is evil'
+dnl This used to use changequote, but, apart from 'changequote is evil'
 dnl per the autoconf manual, we can speed up autoconf somewhat by quoting
 dnl the great gob of text.  Thus it's not processed for possible expansion.
 dnl Just make sure the brackets remain balanced.
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ case "${canonical}" in
   mips-sgi-irix6.5 )
     opsys=irix6-5
     # Without defining _LANGUAGE_C, things get masked out in the headers
-    # so that, for instance, grepping for `free' in stdlib.h fails and
+    # so that, for instance, grepping for 'free' in stdlib.h fails and
     # AC_HEADER_STD_C fails.   (MIPSPro 7.2.1.2m compilers, Irix 6.5.3m).
     NON_GCC_TEST_OPTIONS="-D_LANGUAGE_C"
   ;;
@@ -699,9 +699,9 @@ case "${canonical}" in
                 # MinGW overrides and adds some system headers in nt/inc.
                 GCC_TEST_OPTIONS="-I $srcdir/nt/inc"
                 ;;
-      *-sysv4.2uw* )            opsys=unixware ;;
-      *-sysv5uw* )              opsys=unixware ;;
-      *-sysv5OpenUNIX* )        opsys=unixware ;;
+      *-sysv4.2uw* )            opsys=unixware ;;
+      *-sysv5uw* )              opsys=unixware ;;
+      *-sysv5OpenUNIX* )        opsys=unixware ;;
       ## Otherwise, we'll fall through to the generic opsys code at the bottom.
     esac
   ;;
@@ -742,9 +742,9 @@ fi
 dnl quotation ends
 
 if test $unported = yes; then
-  AC_MSG_ERROR([Emacs does not support `${canonical}' systems.
+  AC_MSG_ERROR([Emacs does not support '${canonical}' systems.
 If you think it should, please send a report to ${PACKAGE_BUGREPORT}.
-Check `etc/MACHINES' for recognized configuration names.])
+Check 'etc/MACHINES' for recognized configuration names.])
 fi
 
 #### Choose a compiler.
@@ -1190,9 +1190,9 @@ if test "$MAKEINFO" = "no"; then
     HAVE_MAKEINFO=no
   elif test ! -e "$srcdir/info/emacs" && test ! -e "$srcdir/info/emacs.info"; then
     AC_MSG_ERROR( [You do not seem to have makeinfo >= 4.7, and your
-source tree does not seem to have pre-built manuals in the `info' directory.
+source tree does not seem to have pre-built manuals in the 'info' directory.
 Either install a suitable version of makeinfo, or re-run configure
-with the `--without-makeinfo' option to build without the manuals.] )
+with the '--without-makeinfo' option to build without the manuals.] )
   fi
 fi
 AC_SUBST(HAVE_MAKEINFO)
@@ -1216,8 +1216,8 @@ fi
 
 dnl We need -znocombreloc if we're using a relatively recent GNU ld.
 dnl If we can link with the flag, it shouldn't do any harm anyhow.
-dnl (Don't use `-z nocombreloc' as -z takes no arg on Irix.)
-dnl Treat GCC specially since it just gives a non-fatal `unrecognized option'
+dnl (Don't use '-z nocombreloc' as -z takes no arg on Irix.)
+dnl Treat GCC specially since it just gives a non-fatal 'unrecognized option'
 dnl if not built to support GNU ld.
 
 dnl For a long time, -znocombreloc was added to LDFLAGS rather than
@@ -1313,7 +1313,7 @@ esac
 LD_SWITCH_SYSTEM=
 case "$opsys" in
   freebsd|dragonfly)
-   ## Let `ld' find image libs and similar things in /usr/local/lib.
+   ## Let 'ld' find image libs and similar things in /usr/local/lib.
    ## The system compiler, GCC, has apparently been modified to not
    ## look there, contrary to what a stock GCC would do.
 ### It's not our place to do this.  See bug#10313#17.
@@ -1481,7 +1481,7 @@ esac
 
 AC_SUBST(LIB_MATH)
 AC_DEFINE_UNQUOTED(SYSTEM_TYPE, "$SYSTEM_TYPE",
-  [The type of system you are compiling for; sets `system-type'.])
+  [The type of system you are compiling for; sets 'system-type'.])
 
 
 pre_PKG_CONFIG_CFLAGS=$CFLAGS
@@ -1536,12 +1536,12 @@ if test "${with_sound}" != "no"; then
       LIBS="$ALSA_LIBS $LIBS"
       AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <asoundlib.h>]], [[snd_lib_error_set_handler (0);]])],
                       emacs_alsa_normal=yes,
-                    emacs_alsa_normal=no)
+                    emacs_alsa_normal=no)
       if test "$emacs_alsa_normal" != yes; then
         AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <alsa/asoundlib.h>]],
                        [[snd_lib_error_set_handler (0);]])],
                        emacs_alsa_subdir=yes,
-                     emacs_alsa_subdir=no)
+                     emacs_alsa_subdir=no)
         if test "$emacs_alsa_subdir" != yes; then
           AC_MSG_ERROR([pkg-config found alsa, but it does not compile.  See config.log for error messages.])
         fi
@@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@ if test "$ac_cv_header_sys_sysinfo_h" = yes; then
 fi
 
 dnl On Solaris 8 there's a compilation warning for term.h because
-dnl it doesn't define `bool'.
+dnl it doesn't define 'bool'.
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS(term.h, , , -)
 AC_HEADER_TIME
 AC_CHECK_DECLS([sys_siglist], [], [], [[#include <signal.h>
@@ -1831,7 +1831,7 @@ fail;
   CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $GNU_OBJC_CFLAGS"
 
   AC_CHECK_HEADER([AppKit/AppKit.h], [HAVE_NS=yes],
-                  [AC_MSG_ERROR([`--with-ns' was specified, but the include
+                  [AC_MSG_ERROR(['--with-ns' was specified, but the include
   files are missing or cannot be compiled.])])
 
   macfont_file=""
@@ -1852,7 +1852,7 @@ fail;
     AC_MSG_RESULT([$ns_osx_have_106])
 
     if test $ns_osx_have_106 = no; then
-       AC_MSG_ERROR([`OSX 10.6 or newer is required']);
+       AC_MSG_ERROR([OSX 10.6 or newer is required]);
     fi
   fi
 fi
@@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@ if test "${with_w32}" != no; then
   case "${opsys}" in
     cygwin)
       AC_CHECK_HEADER([windows.h], [HAVE_W32=yes],
-             [AC_MSG_ERROR([`--with-w32' was specified, but windows.h
+             [AC_MSG_ERROR(['--with-w32' was specified, but windows.h
                    cannot be found.])])
     ;;
     mingw32)
@@ -2356,7 +2356,7 @@ fail;
 fi
 
 
-### Use -lrsvg-2 if available, unless `--with-rsvg=no' is specified.
+### Use -lrsvg-2 if available, unless '--with-rsvg=no' is specified.
 HAVE_RSVG=no
 if test "${HAVE_X11}" = "yes" || test "${HAVE_NS}" = "yes" || test "${opsys}" = "mingw32"; then
   if test "${with_rsvg}" != "no"; then
@@ -2372,7 +2372,7 @@ if test "${HAVE_X11}" = "yes" || test "${HAVE_NS}" = "yes" || test "${opsys}" =
       CFLAGS="$CFLAGS $RSVG_CFLAGS"
       # Windows loads librsvg dynamically
       if test "${opsys}" = "mingw32"; then
-        RSVG_LIBS=
+        RSVG_LIBS=
       fi
     fi
   fi
@@ -2601,21 +2601,21 @@ if test "${HAVE_X11}" = "yes" && test "${with_gsettings}" = "yes"; then
       AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether GSettings is in gio])
       AC_LINK_IFELSE(
          [AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
-             [[/* Check that gsettings really is present.  */
-             #include <glib-object.h>
+             [[/* Check that gsettings really is present.  */
+             #include <glib-object.h>
              #include <gio/gio.h>
-             ]],
-             [[
+             ]],
+             [[
                GSettings *settings;
                GVariant *val = g_settings_get_value (settings, "");
-             ]])],
-         [], HAVE_GSETTINGS=no)
+             ]])],
+         [], HAVE_GSETTINGS=no)
       AC_MSG_RESULT([$HAVE_GSETTINGS])
 
       if test "$HAVE_GSETTINGS" = "yes"; then
         AC_DEFINE(HAVE_GSETTINGS, 1, [Define to 1 if using GSettings.])
-        SETTINGS_CFLAGS="$GSETTINGS_CFLAGS"
-        SETTINGS_LIBS="$GSETTINGS_LIBS"
+        SETTINGS_CFLAGS="$GSETTINGS_CFLAGS"
+        SETTINGS_LIBS="$GSETTINGS_LIBS"
       fi
       CFLAGS=$old_CFLAGS
       LIBS=$old_LIBS
@@ -2695,7 +2695,7 @@ fi
 dnl MS Windows native file monitor is available for mingw32 only.
 case $with_file_notification,$opsys in
   w32,cygwin)
-    AC_MSG_ERROR([`--with-file-notification=w32' was specified, but
+    AC_MSG_ERROR(['--with-file-notification=w32' was specified, but
     this is only supported on MS-Windows native and MinGW32 builds.
     Consider using gfile instead.])
     ;;
@@ -2739,7 +2739,7 @@ esac
 
 case $with_file_notification,$NOTIFY_OBJ in
   yes,* | no,* | *,?*) ;;
-  *) AC_MSG_ERROR([File notification `$with_file_notification' requested but requirements not found.]) ;;
+  *) AC_MSG_ERROR([File notification '$with_file_notification' requested but requirements not found.]) ;;
 esac
 
 if test -n "$NOTIFY_OBJ"; then
@@ -2941,7 +2941,7 @@ AC_COMPILE_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[
          AC_DEFINE(HAVE_XIM, 1, [Define to 1 if XIM is available])],
          HAVE_XIM=no)
 
-dnl `--with-xim' now controls only the initial value of use_xim at run time.
+dnl '--with-xim' now controls only the initial value of use_xim at run time.
 
 if test "${with_xim}" != "no"; then
   AC_DEFINE(USE_XIM, 1,
@@ -2989,7 +2989,7 @@ fi
 
 ### Start of font-backend (under X11) section.
 if test "${HAVE_X11}" = "yes"; then
-    ## Use -lXft if available, unless `--with-xft=no'.
+    ## Use -lXft if available, unless '--with-xft=no'.
     HAVE_XFT=maybe
     if test "x${with_x}" = "xno"; then
       with_xft="no";
@@ -3094,7 +3094,7 @@ AC_SUBST(LIBOTF_LIBS)
 AC_SUBST(M17N_FLT_CFLAGS)
 AC_SUBST(M17N_FLT_LIBS)
 
-### Use -lXpm if available, unless `--with-xpm=no'.
+### Use -lXpm if available, unless '--with-xpm=no'.
 ### mingw32 doesn't use -lXpm, since it loads the library dynamically.
 ### In the Cygwin-w32 build, we need to use /usr/include/noX/X11/xpm.h
 ### rather than /usr/include/X11/xpm.h, so we set CPPFLAGS (and
@@ -3185,7 +3185,7 @@ fi
 
 AC_SUBST(LIBXPM)
 
-### Use -ljpeg if available, unless `--with-jpeg=no'.
+### Use -ljpeg if available, unless '--with-jpeg=no'.
 HAVE_JPEG=no
 LIBJPEG=
 if test "${with_jpeg}" != "no"; then
@@ -3249,7 +3249,7 @@ if test "${HAVE_ZLIB}" = "yes"; then
 fi
 AC_SUBST(LIBZ)
 
-### Use -lpng if available, unless `--with-png=no'.
+### Use -lpng if available, unless '--with-png=no'.
 HAVE_PNG=no
 LIBPNG=
 PNG_CFLAGS=
@@ -3313,7 +3313,7 @@ fi
 AC_SUBST(LIBPNG)
 AC_SUBST(PNG_CFLAGS)
 
-### Use -ltiff if available, unless `--with-tiff=no'.
+### Use -ltiff if available, unless '--with-tiff=no'.
 ### mingw32 doesn't use -ltiff, since it loads the library dynamically.
 HAVE_TIFF=no
 LIBTIFF=
@@ -3341,7 +3341,7 @@ elif test "${HAVE_X11}" = "yes" || test "${HAVE_W32}" = "yes"; then
 fi
 AC_SUBST(LIBTIFF)
 
-### Use -lgif or -lungif if available, unless `--with-gif=no'.
+### Use -lgif or -lungif if available, unless '--with-gif=no'.
 ### mingw32 doesn't use -lgif/-lungif, since it loads the library dynamically.
 HAVE_GIF=no
 LIBGIF=
@@ -3399,7 +3399,7 @@ as options to configure])
   fi
 fi
 
-### Use -lgpm if available, unless `--with-gpm=no'.
+### Use -lgpm if available, unless '--with-gpm=no'.
 HAVE_GPM=no
 LIBGPM=
 if test "${with_gpm}" != "no"; then
@@ -3537,7 +3537,7 @@ if test "${with_xml2}" != "no"; then
     CPPFLAGS="$CPPFLAGS -I$xcsdkdir/usr/include/libxml2"
     AC_CHECK_HEADER(libxml/HTMLparser.h,
       [AC_CHECK_DECL(HTML_PARSE_RECOVER, HAVE_LIBXML2=yes, ,
-                     [#include <libxml/HTMLparser.h>])])
+                     [#include <libxml/HTMLparser.h>])])
     CPPFLAGS="$SAVE_CPPFLAGS"
     if test "${HAVE_LIBXML2}" = "yes"; then
       LIBXML2_CFLAGS="-I'$xcsdkdir/usr/include/libxml2'"
@@ -3581,7 +3581,7 @@ fi
 AC_CHECK_LIB(mail, maillock, have_mail=yes, have_mail=no)
 if test $have_mail = yes; then
   LIBS_MAIL=-lmail
-  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBMAIL, 1, [Define to 1 if you have the `mail' library (-lmail).])
+  AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBMAIL, 1, [Define to 1 if you have the 'mail' library (-lmail).])
 
   OLD_LIBS=$LIBS
   LIBS="$LIBS_MAIL $LIBS"
@@ -3594,7 +3594,7 @@ dnl Debian, at least:
 AC_CHECK_LIB(lockfile, maillock, have_lockfile=yes, have_lockfile=no)
 if test $have_lockfile = yes; then
    LIBS_MAIL=-llockfile
-   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBLOCKFILE, 1, [Define to 1 if you have the `lockfile' library (-llockfile).])
+   AC_DEFINE(HAVE_LIBLOCKFILE, 1, [Define to 1 if you have the 'lockfile' library (-llockfile).])
 else
 # If we have the shared liblockfile, assume we must use it for mail
 # locking (e.g. Debian).  If we couldn't link against liblockfile
@@ -3606,7 +3606,7 @@ else
   if test $ac_cv_prog_liblockfile = yes; then
     AC_MSG_ERROR([Shared liblockfile found but can't link against it.
 This probably means that movemail could lose mail.
-There may be a `development' package to install containing liblockfile.])
+There may be a 'development' package to install containing liblockfile.])
   fi
 fi
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS_ONCE(maillock.h)
@@ -3624,12 +3624,12 @@ case "$opsys" in
   ## On GNU/Linux systems, both methods are used by various mail programs.
   ## I assume most people are using newer mailers that have heard of flock.
   ## Change this if you need to.
-  ## Debian contains a patch which says: ``On Debian/GNU/Linux systems,
+  ## Debian contains a patch which says: "On Debian/GNU/Linux systems,
   ## configure gets the right answers, and that means *NOT* using flock.
   ## Using flock is guaranteed to be the wrong thing. See Debian Policy
-  ## for details.'' and then uses `#ifdef DEBIAN'.  Unfortunately the
+  ## for details." and then uses '#ifdef DEBIAN'.  Unfortunately the
   ## Debian maintainer hasn't provided a clean fix for Emacs.
-  ## movemail.c will use `maillock' when MAILDIR, HAVE_LIBMAIL and
+  ## movemail.c will use 'maillock' when MAILDIR, HAVE_LIBMAIL and
   ## HAVE_MAILLOCK_H are defined, so the following appears to be the
   ## correct logic.  -- fx
   ## We must check for HAVE_LIBLOCKFILE too, as movemail does.
@@ -3689,7 +3689,7 @@ AC_CACHE_CHECK([for __builtin_unwind_init],
                 emacs_cv_func___builtin_unwind_init=no)])
 if test $emacs_cv_func___builtin_unwind_init = yes; then
   AC_DEFINE(HAVE___BUILTIN_UNWIND_INIT, 1,
-            [Define to 1 if you have the `__builtin_unwind_init' function.])
+            [Define to 1 if you have the '__builtin_unwind_init' function.])
 fi
 
 AC_CHECK_HEADERS_ONCE(sys/un.h)
@@ -3748,7 +3748,7 @@ else
 fi
 AC_MSG_RESULT([$msg])
 if test "X$msg" = Xno; then
-  AC_MSG_ERROR([The required function `tputs' was not found in any library.
+  AC_MSG_ERROR([The required function 'tputs' was not found in any library.
 The following libraries were tried (in order):
   libtinfo, libncurses, libterminfo, libtermcap, libcurses
 Please try installing whichever of these libraries is most appropriate
@@ -4033,7 +4033,7 @@ LIBS="$LIBS $GFILENOTIFY_LIBS"
 AC_MSG_CHECKING([whether GLib is linked in])
 AC_LINK_IFELSE([AC_LANG_PROGRAM(
         [[#include <glib.h>
-        ]],
+        ]],
         [[g_print ("Hello world");]])],
      [links_glib=yes],
      [links_glib=no])
@@ -4284,15 +4284,15 @@ case $opsys in
 esac
 
 
-dnl If the system's imake configuration file defines `NeedWidePrototypes'
-dnl as `NO', we must define NARROWPROTO manually.  Such a define is
-dnl generated in the Makefile generated by `xmkmf'.  If we don't define
+dnl If the system's imake configuration file defines 'NeedWidePrototypes'
+dnl as 'NO', we must define NARROWPROTO manually.  Such a define is
+dnl generated in the Makefile generated by 'xmkmf'.  If we don't define
 dnl NARROWPROTO, we will see the wrong function prototypes for X functions
 dnl taking float or double parameters.
 case $opsys in
   cygwin|gnu|gnu-linux|gnu-kfreebsd|irix6-5|freebsd|netbsd|openbsd)
     AC_DEFINE(NARROWPROTO, 1, [Define if system's imake configuration
-      file defines `NeedWidePrototypes' as `NO'.])
+      file defines 'NeedWidePrototypes' as 'NO'.])
   ;;
 esac
 
@@ -4877,8 +4877,8 @@ AC_CACHE_CHECK([for struct alignment],
   [emacs_cv_struct_alignment],
   [AC_COMPILE_IFELSE(
      [AC_LANG_PROGRAM([[#include <stddef.h>
-                        struct __attribute__ ((aligned (8))) s { char c; };
-                        struct t { char c; struct s s; };
+                        struct __attribute__ ((aligned (8))) s { char c; };
+                        struct t { char c; struct s s; };
                         char verify[offsetof (struct t, s) == 8 ? 1 : -1];
                       ]])],
      [emacs_cv_struct_alignment=yes],
@@ -5116,7 +5116,7 @@ else
 fi
 
 echo "
-Configured for \`${canonical}'.
+Configured for '${canonical}'.
 
   Where should the build process find the source code?    ${srcdir}
   What compiler should emacs be built with?               ${CC} ${CFLAGS}
@@ -5241,7 +5241,7 @@ AC_CONFIG_FILES([$srcdir/doc/man/emacs.1])
 dnl Obviously there is duplication here wrt $SUBDIR_MAKEFILES.
 dnl You _can_ use that variable in AC_CONFIG_FILES, so long as any directory
 dnl using automake (ie lib/) is explicitly listed and not "hidden" in a variable
-dnl (else you get "no `Makefile.am' found for any configure output").
+dnl (else you get "no 'Makefile.am' found for any configure output").
 dnl This will work, but you get a config.status that is not quite right
 dnl (see http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/bug-autoconf/2008-08/msg00028.html).
 dnl That doesn't have any obvious consequences for Emacs, but on the whole
@@ -5281,9 +5281,9 @@ dnl rather than just letting configure generate it from epaths.in.
 dnl One reason is that the various paths are not fully expanded (see above);
 dnl eg gamedir=${prefix}/var/games/emacs.
 dnl Secondly, the GNU Coding standards require that one should be able
-dnl to run `make prefix=/some/where/else' and override the values set
-dnl by configure.  This also explains the `move-if-change' test and
-dnl the use of force in the `epaths-force' rule in Makefile.in.
+dnl to run 'make prefix=/some/where/else' and override the values set
+dnl by configure.  This also explains the 'move-if-change' test and
+dnl the use of force in the 'epaths-force' rule in Makefile.in.
 AC_CONFIG_COMMANDS([src/epaths.h], [
 if test "${opsys}" = "mingw32"; then
   ${MAKE-make} MAKEFILE_NAME=do-not-make-Makefile epaths-force-w32
diff --git a/make-dist b/make-dist
index 1c7ce59e167..441070fd7c0 100755
--- a/make-dist
+++ b/make-dist
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ while [ $# -gt 0 ]; do
       new_extension=".new"
       shift
     ;;
-    ## This option tells make-dist to use `bzip2' instead of gzip.
+    ## This option tells make-dist to use 'bzip2' instead of gzip.
     "--bzip2")
       default_gzip="bzip2"
     ;;
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ done
 
 ### Make sure we're running in the right place.
 if [ ! -d src -o ! -f src/lisp.h -o ! -d lisp -o ! -f lisp/subr.el ]; then
-  echo "${progname}: Can't find \`src/lisp.h' and \`lisp/subr.el'." >&2
+  echo "${progname}: Can't find 'src/lisp.h' and 'lisp/subr.el'." >&2
   echo "${progname} must be run in the top directory of the Emacs" >&2
   echo "distribution tree.  cd to that directory and try again." >&2
   exit 1
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ version=`
   sed -n 's/^AC_INIT(GNU Emacs,[         ]*\([^  ,)]*\).*/\1/p' <configure.ac
 ` || version=
 if [ ! "${version}" ]; then
-  echo "${progname}: can't find current Emacs version in \`./src/emacs.c'" >&2
+  echo "${progname}: can't find current Emacs version in './src/emacs.c'" >&2
   exit 1
 fi
 
@@ -190,10 +190,10 @@ fi
 ### Make sure the subdirectory is available.
 tempparent="make-dist.tmp.$$"
 if [ -d ${tempparent} ]; then
-  echo "${progname}: staging directory \`${tempparent}' already exists.
-Perhaps a previous invocation of \`${progname}' failed to clean up after
+  echo "${progname}: staging directory '${tempparent}' already exists.
+Perhaps a previous invocation of '${progname}' failed to clean up after
 itself.  Check that directories whose names are of the form
-\`make-dist.tmp.NNNNN' don't contain any important information, remove
+'make-dist.tmp.NNNNN' don't contain any important information, remove
 them, and try again." >&2
   exit 1
 fi
@@ -210,7 +210,7 @@ if [ $check = yes ]; then
   ## Check for .elc files with no corresponding .el file.
   sed 's/\.el$/.elc/' /tmp/el > /tmp/elelc
 
-  bogosities="`comm -13 /tmp/elelc /tmp/elc`"
+  bogosities=`comm -13 /tmp/elelc /tmp/elc`
   if [ x"${bogosities}" != x"" ]; then
     echo "The following .elc files have no corresponding .el files:"
     echo "${bogosities}"
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ if [ $check = yes ]; then
 
   ### Check for .el files with no corresponding .elc file.
   sed 's/\.elc$/.el/' /tmp/elc > /tmp/elcel
-  losers="`comm -23 /tmp/el /tmp/elcel`"
+  losers=`comm -23 /tmp/el /tmp/elcel`
 
   rm -f /tmp/el /tmp/elc /tmp/elcel /tmp/elelc
 
@@ -263,7 +263,7 @@ if [ $update = yes ]; then
   $EMACS -batch -f batch-byte-recompile-directory lisp
 fi                              # $update = yes
 
-echo "Creating staging directory: \`${tempparent}'"
+echo "Creating staging directory: '${tempparent}'"
 
 mkdir ${tempparent}
 tempdir="${tempparent}/${emacsname}"
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ if [ "${clean_up}" = yes ]; then
   trap "echo 'Cleaning up the staging directory'; rm -rf ${tempparent}" EXIT
 fi
 
-echo "Creating top directory: \`${tempdir}'"
+echo "Creating top directory: '${tempdir}'"
 mkdir ${tempdir}
 
 if test -d .git; then
@@ -325,7 +325,7 @@ do
   mkdir ${tempdir}/${subdir}
 done
 
-echo "Making links to \`lisp' and its subdirectories"
+echo "Making links to 'lisp' and its subdirectories"
 files=`find lisp \( -name '*.el' -o -name '*.elc' -o -name 'ChangeLog*' \
  -o -name 'README' \)`
 
@@ -337,7 +337,7 @@ for file in lisp/Makefile.in lisp/makefile.w32-in $files; do
   ln $file $tempdir/$file
 done
 
-echo "Making links to \`leim' and its subdirectories"
+echo "Making links to 'leim' and its subdirectories"
 (cd leim
  ln makefile.w32-in ../${tempdir}/leim
  ln ChangeLog.*[0-9] README ../${tempdir}/leim
@@ -348,7 +348,7 @@ echo "Making links to \`leim' and its subdirectories"
  ln leim-ext.el ../${tempdir}/leim/leim-ext.el)
 
 ## FIXME Can we not just use the "find -type f" method for this one?
-echo "Making links to \`build-aux'"
+echo "Making links to 'build-aux'"
 (cd build-aux
  ln compile config.guess config.sub depcomp msys-to-w32 ../${tempdir}/build-aux
  ln gitlog-to-changelog gitlog-to-emacslog ../${tempdir}/build-aux
@@ -356,11 +356,11 @@ echo "Making links to \`build-aux'"
  ln update-copyright update-subdirs ../${tempdir}/build-aux
  ln dir_top make-info-dir ../${tempdir}/build-aux)
 
-echo "Making links to \`build-aux/snippet'"
+echo "Making links to 'build-aux/snippet'"
 (cd build-aux/snippet
  ln *.h ../../${tempdir}/build-aux/snippet)
 
-echo "Making links to \`src'"
+echo "Making links to 'src'"
 ### Don't distribute the configured versions of
 ### config.in, paths.in, buildobj.h, or Makefile.in.
 (cd src
@@ -374,11 +374,11 @@ echo "Making links to \`src'"
  cd ../${tempdir}/src
  rm -f globals.h config.h epaths.h Makefile buildobj.h)
 
-echo "Making links to \`src/bitmaps'"
+echo "Making links to 'src/bitmaps'"
 (cd src/bitmaps
  ln README *.xbm ../../${tempdir}/src/bitmaps)
 
-echo "Making links to \`lib'"
+echo "Making links to 'lib'"
 (snippet_h=`(cd build-aux/snippet && ls *.h)`
  cd lib
  ln [a-zA-Z]*.[ch] ../${tempdir}/lib
@@ -387,7 +387,7 @@ echo "Making links to \`lib'"
  script='/[*]/d; s/\.in\.h$/.h/'
  rm -f `(echo "$snippet_h"; ls *.in.h) | sed "$script"`)
 
-echo "Making links to \`lib-src'"
+echo "Making links to 'lib-src'"
 (cd lib-src
  ln [a-zA-Z]*.[ch] ../${tempdir}/lib-src
  ln ChangeLog.*[0-9] Makefile.in README ../${tempdir}/lib-src
@@ -395,11 +395,11 @@ echo "Making links to \`lib-src'"
  ln makefile.w32-in ../${tempdir}/lib-src
  ln update-game-score.exe.manifest ../${tempdir}/lib-src)
 
-echo "Making links to \`m4'"
+echo "Making links to 'm4'"
 (cd m4
  ln *.m4 ../${tempdir}/m4)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nt'"
+echo "Making links to 'nt'"
 (cd nt
  ln emacs-x86.manifest emacs-x64.manifest ../${tempdir}/nt
  ln config.nt emacs-src.tags ../${tempdir}/nt
@@ -408,55 +408,55 @@ echo "Making links to \`nt'"
  ln mingw-cfg.site epaths.nt INSTALL.OLD ../${tempdir}/nt
  ln ChangeLog.*[0-9] INSTALL README README.W32 makefile.w32-in ../${tempdir}/nt)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nt/inc' and its subdirectories"
+echo "Making links to 'nt/inc' and its subdirectories"
 for f in `find nt/inc -type f -name '[a-z]*.h'`; do
   ln $f $tempdir/$f
 done
 
-echo "Making links to \`nt/icons'"
+echo "Making links to 'nt/icons'"
 (cd nt/icons
  ln README [a-z]*.ico ../../${tempdir}/nt/icons
  ln [a-z]*.cur ../../${tempdir}/nt/icons)
 
-echo "Making links to \`msdos'"
+echo "Making links to 'msdos'"
 (cd msdos
  ln ChangeLog.*[0-9] INSTALL README emacs.ico emacs.pif ../${tempdir}/msdos
  ln depfiles.bat inttypes.h ../${tempdir}/msdos
  ln mainmake.v2 sed*.inp ../${tempdir}/msdos)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nextstep'"
+echo "Making links to 'nextstep'"
 (cd nextstep
  ln ChangeLog.*[0-9] README INSTALL Makefile.in ../${tempdir}/nextstep)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nextstep/templates'"
+echo "Making links to 'nextstep/templates'"
 (cd nextstep/templates
  ln Emacs.desktop.in Info-gnustep.plist.in Info.plist.in InfoPlist.strings.in ../../${tempdir}/nextstep/templates)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents'"
+echo "Making links to 'nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents'"
 (cd nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents
  ln PkgInfo ../../../../${tempdir}/nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Resources'"
+echo "Making links to 'nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Resources'"
 (cd nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Resources
  ln Credits.html *.icns ../../../../../${tempdir}/nextstep/Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Resources)
 
-echo "Making links to \`nextstep/GNUstep/Emacs.base/Resources'"
+echo "Making links to 'nextstep/GNUstep/Emacs.base/Resources'"
 (cd nextstep/GNUstep/Emacs.base/Resources
  ln README emacs.tiff ../../../../${tempdir}/nextstep/GNUstep/Emacs.base/Resources )
 
-echo "Making links to \`oldXMenu'"
+echo "Making links to 'oldXMenu'"
 (cd oldXMenu
  ln *.[ch] *.in *.mk ../${tempdir}/oldXMenu
  ln README ChangeLog.*[0-9] ../${tempdir}/oldXMenu)
 
-echo "Making links to \`lwlib'"
+echo "Making links to 'lwlib'"
 (cd lwlib
  ln *.[ch] *.in *.mk ../${tempdir}/lwlib
  ln README ChangeLog.*[0-9] ../${tempdir}/lwlib)
 
 ## It is important to distribute admin/ because it contains sources
 ## for generated lisp/international/uni-*.el files.
-echo "Making links to \`admin' and its subdirectories"
+echo "Making links to 'admin' and its subdirectories"
 for f in `find admin -type f`; do
   case $f in
     */Makefile) [ -f $f.in ] && continue ;;
@@ -465,7 +465,7 @@ for f in `find admin -type f`; do
 done
 
 if [ "$with_tests" = "yes" ]; then
-  echo "Making links to \`test' and its subdirectories"
+  echo "Making links to 'test' and its subdirectories"
   for f in `find test -type f`; do
     case $f in
       test/automated/*.log) continue ;;
@@ -476,7 +476,7 @@ if [ "$with_tests" = "yes" ]; then
   done
 fi
 
-echo "Making links to \`etc' and its subdirectories"
+echo "Making links to 'etc' and its subdirectories"
 for f in `find etc -type f`; do
   case $f in
     etc/DOC*|etc/*.pyc) continue ;;
@@ -487,32 +487,32 @@ for f in `find etc -type f`; do
   ln $f $tempdir/$f
 done
 
-echo "Making links to \`info'"
+echo "Making links to 'info'"
 ln `find info -type f -print` ${tempdir}/info
 
-echo "Making links to \`doc/emacs'"
+echo "Making links to 'doc/emacs'"
 (cd doc/emacs
  ln *.texi *.in makefile.w32-in ChangeLog.*[0-9] ../../${tempdir}/doc/emacs)
 
-echo "Making links to \`doc/misc'"
+echo "Making links to 'doc/misc'"
 (cd doc/misc
  ln *.texi *.tex *.in makefile.w32-in gnus-news.el ChangeLog.*[0-9] \
     ../../${tempdir}/doc/misc)
 
-echo "Making links to \`doc/lispref'"
+echo "Making links to 'doc/lispref'"
 (cd doc/lispref
  ln *.texi *.in makefile.w32-in README ChangeLog.*[0-9] \
     ../../${tempdir}/doc/lispref
  ln spellfile ../../${tempdir}/doc/lispref
  ln two-volume.make two-volume-cross-refs.txt ../../${tempdir}/doc/lispref)
 
-echo "Making links to \`doc/lispintro'"
+echo "Making links to 'doc/lispintro'"
 (cd doc/lispintro
  ln *.texi *.in makefile.w32-in *.eps *.pdf ../../${tempdir}/doc/lispintro
  ln README ChangeLog.*[0-9] ../../${tempdir}/doc/lispintro
  cd ../../${tempdir}/doc/lispintro)
 
-echo "Making links to \`doc/man'"
+echo "Making links to 'doc/man'"
 (cd doc/man
  ln *.*[0-9] *.in ../../${tempdir}/doc/man
  cd ../../${tempdir}/doc/man
@@ -520,7 +520,7 @@ echo "Making links to \`doc/man'"
 
 ### It would be nice if they could all be symlinks to top-level copy, but
 ### you're not supposed to have any symlinks in distribution tar files.
-echo "Making sure copying notices are all copies of \`COPYING'"
+echo "Making sure copying notices are all copies of 'COPYING'"
 for subdir in . etc leim lib lib-src lisp lwlib msdos nt src; do
   rm -f ${tempdir}/${subdir}/COPYING
   cp COPYING ${tempdir}/${subdir}
@@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ if [ "${make_tar}" = yes ]; then
     found=1; break
   done
   if [ "$found" = "0" ]; then
-    echo "WARNING: \`$default_gzip' not found, will not compress" >&2
+    echo "WARNING: '$default_gzip' not found, will not compress" >&2
     default_gzip=cat
   fi
   case "${default_gzip}" in