Prefer straight quoting in some text files

Mostly this just changes ` to ' in static text.  Some exceptions:
* INSTALL.REPO: Use curved quotes, as the diagnostic in question
typically does that now.
* admin/quick-install-emacs (TRY, top level):
Use straight quoting in diagnostics.
* src/README: Fix working-directory confusion.

18 files changed, 154 insertions, 159 deletions

diff --git a/INSTALL.REPO b/INSTALL.REPO
index 3431ee480bf..7c956f05d2b 100644
--- a/INSTALL.REPO
+++ b/INSTALL.REPO
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ subdirectories of 'lisp/', e.g., 'mh-e/' and 'calendar/') will need to be
 updated to reflect new autoloaded functions.  If you see errors (rather
 than warnings) about undefined lisp functions during compilation, that
 may be the reason.  Finally, sometimes there can be build failures
-related to '*loaddefs.el' (e.g., "required feature `esh-groups' was not
+related to '*loaddefs.el' (e.g., "required feature ‘esh-groups’ was not
 provided").  In that case, follow the instructions below.
 
 To update loaddefs.el (and similar files), do:
diff --git a/admin/FOR-RELEASE b/admin/FOR-RELEASE
index bdd26947e4b..327723fce49 100644
--- a/admin/FOR-RELEASE
+++ b/admin/FOR-RELEASE
@@ -72,7 +72,7 @@ pages of the manuals, and even if they do, the resulting page breaks
 depend on what paper and font size they use.  This also means that if
 you _are_ going to do this, it should be done with the paper and font
 size that the GNU Press are going to use when they print the manuals.
-I think this is different to what you get if you just use eg `make
+I think this is different to what you get if you just use eg 'make
 emacs.pdf' (e.g., enable "smallbook").
 
 ** Check the keybindings in the refcards are correct, and add any new ones.
@@ -112,21 +112,21 @@ sk	Miroslav Vaško
 ** Check for modes which bind M-s that conflicts with a new global binding M-s
 and change key bindings where necessary.  The current list of modes:
 
-1. Gnus binds `M-s' to `gnus-summary-search-article-forward'.
+1. Gnus binds 'M-s' to 'gnus-summary-search-article-forward'.
 
-2. Minibuffer binds `M-s' to `next-matching-history-element'
+2. Minibuffer binds 'M-s' to 'next-matching-history-element'
    (not useful any more since C-s can now search in the history).
 
-3. `center-line' in Text mode was already moved to the text formatting
-   keymap as `M-o M-s' (thus this binding is not necessary any more
-   in `nroff-mode-map' too and can be removed now from the nroff mode
-   because it can now use the global key binding `M-o M-s' `center-line').
+3. 'center-line' in Text mode was already moved to the text formatting
+   keymap as 'M-o M-s' (thus this binding is not necessary any more
+   in 'nroff-mode-map' too and can be removed now from the nroff mode
+   because it can now use the global key binding 'M-o M-s' 'center-line').
 
-4. PCL-CVS binds `M-s' to `cvs-status', and log-edit-mode binds it to
-   `log-edit-comment-search-forward'.  Perhaps search commands
-   on the global key binding `M-s' are useless in these modes.
+4. PCL-CVS binds 'M-s' to 'cvs-status', and log-edit-mode binds it to
+   'log-edit-comment-search-forward'.  Perhaps search commands
+   on the global key binding 'M-s' are useless in these modes.
 
-5. Rmail binds `\es' to `rmail-search'/`rmail-summary-search'.
+5. Rmail binds '\es' to 'rmail-search'/'rmail-summary-search'.
 
 
 * DOCUMENTATION
diff --git a/admin/README b/admin/README
index 786c50293fa..2286e354ac6 100644
--- a/admin/README
+++ b/admin/README
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ Build Emacs in various ways.
 
 ** quick-install-emacs
 
-Install emacs quickly (`incrementally').
+Install emacs quickly ("incrementally").
 
 ** alloc-colors.c
 
diff --git a/admin/make-tarball.txt b/admin/make-tarball.txt
index d326282b950..0730b947a03 100644
--- a/admin/make-tarball.txt
+++ b/admin/make-tarball.txt
@@ -13,13 +13,13 @@ Steps to take before starting on the first pretest in any release sequence:
     have them available for the duration of the release process.
 
 2.  Consider increasing the value of the variable
-    `customize-changed-options-previous-release' in cus-edit.el to
+    'customize-changed-options-previous-release' in cus-edit.el to
     refer to a newer version of Emacs.  (This is probably needed only
     when preparing the first pretest for a major Emacs release.)
     Commit cus-edit.el if changed.
 
 3.  Remove any old pretests from ftp://alpha.gnu.org/gnu/emacs/pretest.
-    You can use `gnupload --delete' (see below for more gnupload details).
+    You can use 'gnupload --delete' (see below for more gnupload details).
 
 General steps (for each step, check for possible errors):
 
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ General steps (for each step, check for possible errors):
 
     If this is the first pretest of a major release, just comparing
     with the previous release may overlook many new files.  You can try
-    something like `find . | sort' in a clean repository, and compare the
+    something like 'find . | sort' in a clean repository, and compare the
     results against the new tar contents.
 
 7.   tar -xf emacs-NEW.tar; cd emacs-NEW
      ./configure --prefix=/tmp/emacs && make && make install
-    Use `script' or M-x compile to save the compilation log in
+    Use 'script' or M-x compile to save the compilation log in
     compile-NEW.log and compare it against an old one.  The easiest way
     to do that is to visit the old log in Emacs, change the version
     number of the old Emacs to __, do the same with the new log and do
diff --git a/admin/notes/bugtracker b/admin/notes/bugtracker
index fd7bd08091a..fb65bbe4330 100644
--- a/admin/notes/bugtracker
+++ b/admin/notes/bugtracker
@@ -334,7 +334,7 @@ http://debbugs.gnu.org/cgi/pkgreport.cgi?users=emacs;tag=calendar
 *** To merge bugs:
 Eg when bad replies create a bunch of new bugs for the same report.
 Bugs must all be in the same state (e.g. same package(s) and severity
--- see `reassign' and `severity' below), but need not have the same
+-- see 'reassign' and 'severity' below), but need not have the same
 tags (tags are merged). E.g.:
 
 merge 123 124 125 ...
@@ -343,8 +343,8 @@ Note that merging does not affect titles.  In particular, a "retitle"
 of merged bugs only affects individual bugs, not all of them.
 
 *** Forcing a merge:
-Like `merge', but bugs need not be in the same state.  The packages
-must still match though (see `reassign' below).  The first one listed
+Like 'merge', but bugs need not be in the same state.  The packages
+must still match though (see 'reassign' below).  The first one listed
 is the master.  E.g.:
 
 forcemerge 123 124 125 ...
@@ -383,7 +383,7 @@ See http://debbugs.gnu.org/Developer#severities for the meanings.
 *** To set the owner of a bug:
 owner 123 A Hacker <none@example.com>
 
-The shorthand `!' means your own address.
+The shorthand '!' means your own address.
 
 *** To remove the owner of a bug:
 noowner 123
@@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ reassign 1234 emacs
 Note that reassigning clears the list of found versions, even if the
 new packages includes the original one.
 
-** To remove spam from the tracker, move it to the `spam' pseudo-package:
+** To remove spam from the tracker, move it to the 'spam' pseudo-package:
 reassign 123 spam
 
 (Should not be necessary any more, now that the input is moderated.)
@@ -468,10 +468,10 @@ time, rather than by increasing bug number
 *** When you fix a bug, it can be helpful to put the bug number in the
 change log entry, for example:
 
-   * foo.el (foofunc): Fix the `foo' case.  (Bug#123)
+   * lisp/menu-bar.el (menu-set-font): Doc fix.  (Bug#21303)
 
 Then the relevant bug can be found for easy reference.  If it's an
-obvious fix (e.g. a typo), there's no need to clutter the log with the
+obvious fix (e.g., a typo), there's no need to clutter the log with the
 bug number.
 
 Similarly, when you close a bug, it can be helpful to include the
@@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ can see exactly what the fix was.
 
 *** bug-reference-mode
 
-Activate `bug-reference-mode' in ChangeLogs to get clickable links to
+Activate 'bug-reference-mode' in ChangeLogs to get clickable links to
 the bug web-pages.
 
 *** Debian stuff
diff --git a/admin/notes/copyright b/admin/notes/copyright
index 45b7c617182..3ba9c55d246 100644
--- a/admin/notes/copyright
+++ b/admin/notes/copyright
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ lib-src/rcs2log           # Copyright
 Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Info.plist
 Cocoa/Emacs.base/Contents/Resources/English.lproj/InfoPlist.strings
 GNUstep/Emacs.base/Resources/Info-gnustep.plist
-   `set-copyright' in admin.el will do all the above.
+   'set-copyright' in admin.el will do all the above.
 
 aclocal.m4
 configure
diff --git a/admin/notes/elpa b/admin/notes/elpa
index 39226044a91..4c0f1980def 100644
--- a/admin/notes/elpa
+++ b/admin/notes/elpa
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ daily.  This script (which is kept in elpa/admin/update-archive.sh) generates
 the content visible at http://elpa.gnu.org/packages.
 
 A new package is released as soon as the "version number" of that package is
-changed.  So you can use `elpa' to work on a package without fear of releasing
+changed.  So you can use 'elpa' to work on a package without fear of releasing
 those changes prematurely.  And once the code is ready, just bump the
 version number to make a new release of the package.
 
diff --git a/admin/notes/git-workflow b/admin/notes/git-workflow
index 92dc79127e3..3c2c76c8909 100644
--- a/admin/notes/git-workflow
+++ b/admin/notes/git-workflow
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ You now have both branches conveniently accessible, and you can do
 Fixing bugs
 ===========
 
-You edit the files in either branch, `M-x vc-dir', and check in your
+You edit the files in either branch, 'M-x vc-dir', and check in your
 changes.  Then you need to push the data to the main repository.  This
 will usually fail, since somebody else has pushed other changes in the
 meantime.  To fix this, say
diff --git a/admin/notes/hydra b/admin/notes/hydra
index 80ce787b6b0..ce4a683f6fe 100644
--- a/admin/notes/hydra
+++ b/admin/notes/hydra
@@ -16,8 +16,8 @@ http://lists.gnu.org/archive/html/hydra-users/2013-08/msg00000.html
 
 * Mail notifications
 In addition to the web interface, Hydra can send notifications by
-email when the build status of a project changes—e.g., from
-`SUCCEEDED' to `FAILED'.  It sends notifications about build status in
+email when the build status of a project changes, e.g., from
+SUCCEEDED to FAILED.  It sends notifications about build status in
 Emacs trunk to emacs-buildstatus@gnu.org.
 
 If you want to receive these notifications, please subscribe at
@@ -25,16 +25,16 @@ http://lists.gnu.org/mailman/listinfo/emacs-buildstatus
 
 * The Emacs jobset consists of the following jobs:
 
-** The `tarball' job
+** The 'tarball' job
 which gets a checkout from the repository, and does a bootstrap followed
 by running make-dist to create a tarball.  If this job fails, all the
 others will too (because they use the tarball as input).
 
-** The `build' job
+** The 'build' job
 which starts from the tarball and does a normal build
 
 ** The 'coverage' job
-does a gcov build and then runs `make check'.  Fails if any test fails.
+does a gcov build and then runs 'make check'.  Fails if any test fails.
 
 * Nix expressions
 The recipe for GNU Emacs are available via Git:
diff --git a/admin/notes/multi-tty b/admin/notes/multi-tty
index c547e14251c..868d45138d8 100644
--- a/admin/notes/multi-tty
+++ b/admin/notes/multi-tty
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ Known problems:
           minibuffer prompt (which is a kind of recursive editing) on
           another display.  To unfreeze your session, switch to that
           display and complete the recursive edit, for example by
-          pressing C-] (`abort-recursive-edit').
+          pressing C-] ('abort-recursive-edit').
 
           I am sorry to say that currently there is no way to break
           out of this "single-kboard mode" from a frozen display.  If
@@ -209,11 +209,11 @@ following:
 THINGS TO DO
 ------------
 
-** See if `tty-defined-color-alist' needs to be terminal-local.
+** See if 'tty-defined-color-alist' needs to be terminal-local.
    Update: Dan says it should be, so convert it.
 
 ** Mikhail Gusarov suggest to add a hook akin to
-   `after-make-frame-functions' that is called whenever Emacs connects
+   'after-make-frame-functions' that is called whenever Emacs connects
    to a new terminal.  Good idea!
 
 ** emacsclient -t on the console does not work after su.  You have to
@@ -237,16 +237,16 @@ THINGS TO DO
    proxy idea.
 
 ** lisp/vc.el depends on the terminal type during load time.
-   `vc-annotate-color-map' is one example that needs to be fixed.
+   'vc-annotate-color-map' is one example that needs to be fixed.
 
-** Understand how `quit_throw_to_read_char' works, and fix any bugs
+** Understand how 'quit_throw_to_read_char' works, and fix any bugs
    that come to light.
 
 ** See if getcjmp can be eliminated somehow.  Why does Emacs allow
    asynchronous input processing while it's reading input anyway?
 
-** `delete-frame' events are handled by `special-event-map'
-   immediately when read by `read_char'.  This is fine but it prevents
+** 'delete-frame' events are handled by 'special-event-map'
+   immediately when read by 'read_char'.  This is fine but it prevents
    higher-level keymaps from binding that event to get notified of the
    deleted frame.
 
@@ -254,26 +254,26 @@ THINGS TO DO
    deletions after they have happened, usually because they want to
    clean up after the deleted frame.  Not all frame-local states can
    be stored as a frame parameter.  For example,
-   `display-splash-screen' uses `recursive-edit' with a special keymap
+   'display-splash-screen' uses 'recursive-edit' with a special keymap
    override to create its buffer---and it leads to all kinds of
    nastiness if Emacs stays in this recursive edit mode after the
    frame containing the splash screen is deleted.  Basically, the
    splash-screen implementation wants to throw out of the recursive
    edit when the frame is deleted; however, it is not legal to throw
-   from `delete-frame-functions' because `delete-frame' must not fail.
-   (Introducing `delete-frame-after-functions' would not help either
-   because `delete-frame' may not fail at that time either.)
+   from 'delete-frame-functions' because 'delete-frame' must not fail.
+   (Introducing 'delete-frame-after-functions' would not help either
+   because 'delete-frame' may not fail at that time either.)
 
-   Currently `fancy-splash-screens' installs a
-   `delete-frame-functions' hook that sets up a timer to exit the
+   Currently 'fancy-splash-screens' installs a
+   'delete-frame-functions' hook that sets up a timer to exit the
    recursive edit.  This is an adequate solution, but it would perhaps
-   be better to have something like a `frame-deleted' event that could
+   be better to have something like a 'frame-deleted' event that could
    be bound in the normal way.
 
-** Trouble: `setenv' doesn't actually set environment variables in the
+** Trouble: 'setenv' doesn't actually set environment variables in the
    Emacs process.  This defeats the purpose of the elaborate
-   `server-with-environment' magic around the `tgetent' call in
-   `init_tty'.  D'oh.
+   'server-with-environment' magic around the 'tgetent' call in
+   'init_tty'.  D'oh.
 
 ** (Possibly) create hooks in struct device for creating frames on a
    specific terminal, and eliminate the hackish terminal-related frame
@@ -290,9 +290,9 @@ THINGS TO DO
    as static, removing it from dispextern.h.
    Move fatal to emacs.c and declare it somewhere.
 
-** Search for `suspend-emacs' references and replace them with
-   `suspend-frame', if necessary.  Ditto for `save-buffers-kill-emacs'
-   vs. `save-buffers-kill-display'.
+** Search for 'suspend-emacs' references and replace them with
+   'suspend-frame', if necessary.  Ditto for 'save-buffers-kill-emacs'
+   vs. 'save-buffers-kill-display'.
 
 ** Emacs crashes when a tty frame is resized so that there is no space
    for all its windows.  (Tom Schutzer-Weissmann)
@@ -315,7 +315,7 @@ THINGS TO DO
    impression that the various multidisplay fixes will only get
    released in GTK+ 2.10.
 
-** Audit `face-valid-attribute-values' usage in customize and
+** Audit 'face-valid-attribute-values' usage in customize and
    elsewhere.  Its return value depends on the current window system.
    Replace static initializers using it with runtime functions.  For
    example, custom's buttons are broken on non-initial device types.
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ THINGS TO DO
 
 ** frames-on-display-list should also accept frames.
 
-** Consider the `tty-type' frame parameter and the `display-tty-type'
+** Consider the 'tty-type' frame parameter and the 'display-tty-type'
    function.  They serve the exact same purpose.  I think it may be
-   a good idea to eliminate one of them, preferably `tty-type'.
+   a good idea to eliminate one of them, preferably 'tty-type'.
 
 ** The handling of lisp/term/*.el, and frame creation in general, is a
    big, big mess.  How come the terminal-specific file is loaded by
@@ -340,27 +340,23 @@ THINGS TO DO
    changed in CVS, and frame.el in multi-tty has not yet been adapted
    for the changes.  (It needs to look at
    default-frame-background-mode.)  (Update: maybe it is fixed now;
-   needs testing.) (Note that the byte compiler has this to say about
-   term/rxvt.el:)
+   needs testing.)
 
-        term/rxvt.el:309:17:Warning: assignment to free variable
-            `default-frame-background-mode'
-
-** I think `(set-)terminal-local-value' and the terminal parameter
+** I think '(set-)terminal-local-value' and the terminal parameter
    mechanism should be integrated into a single framework.
 
-   (Update: `(set-)terminal-local-value' is now eliminated, but the
+   (Update: '(set-)terminal-local-value' is now eliminated, but the
    terminal-local variables should still be accessible as terminal
-   parameters.  This also applies to `display-name' and similar
+   parameters.  This also applies to 'display-name' and similar
    functions.)
 
 ** Add the following hooks: after-delete-frame-hook (for server.el,
    instead of delete-frame-functions),
    after-delete-terminal-functions, after-create-terminal-functions.
 
-** BULK RENAME: The `display-' prefix of new Lisp-level functions
-   conflicts with stuff like `display-time-mode'.  Use `device-'
-   or `terminal-' instead.  I think I prefer `terminal-'.
+** BULK RENAME: The 'display-' prefix of new Lisp-level functions
+   conflicts with stuff like 'display-time-mode'.  Use 'device-'
+   or 'terminal-' instead.  I think I prefer 'terminal-'.
 
    It turns out that most of the offending Lisp functions were defined
    in the trunk.  Therefore, compatibility aliases should be defined
@@ -466,7 +462,7 @@ THINGS TO DO
 
 ** With iswitchb-default-method set to 'always-frame, only frames on
    the current display should be considered.  This might involve
-   extending `get-buffer-window'.
+   extending 'get-buffer-window'.
 
 ** Have a look at Vlocale_coding_system.  Seems like it would be a
    tedious job to localize it, although most references use it for
@@ -537,7 +533,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
 -- Change make-terminal-frame to support specifying another tty.
 
-   (Done, new frame parameters: `tty' and `tty-type'.)
+   (Done, new frame parameters: 'tty' and 'tty-type'.)
 
 -- Implement support for reading from multiple terminals.
 
@@ -549,7 +545,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    (Update2: After enabling X, they don't.)
 
--- other-frame should cycle through the frames on the `current'
+-- other-frame should cycle through the frames on the 'current'
    terminal only.
 
    (Done, by trivially modifying next_frame and prev_frame.)
@@ -606,7 +602,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    (Update^3: Not any more.)
 
--- Make make-terminal-frame look up the `tty' and `tty-type' frame
+-- Make make-terminal-frame look up the 'tty' and 'tty-type' frame
    parameters from the currently selected terminal before the global
    default.
 
@@ -824,7 +820,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    (Done, breaking interactive temacs.)
 
--- The command `emacsclient -t -e '(delete-frame)'' fails to exit.
+-- The command "emacsclient -t -e '(delete-frame)'" fails to exit.
 
    (Fixed.)
 
@@ -934,7 +930,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    frame sets single_kboard).  Update: the face problems are caused by
    bugs in term.el, not in multi-tty.  The lockup is caused by
    single_kboard mode, and is not easily resolvable.  The best thing to
-   do is to simply refuse to create a tty frame of type `eterm'.
+   do is to simply refuse to create a tty frame of type 'eterm'.
 
    (Fixed, changed emacsclient to check for TERM=eterm.  The face
    complaints seem to be caused by bugs in term.el; they are not
@@ -943,14 +939,14 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 -- Find out the best way to support suspending Emacs with multiple
    ttys.  My guess: disable it on the controlling tty, but from other
    ttys pass it on to emacsclient somehow.  (It is (I hope) trivial to
-   extend emacsclient to handle suspend/resume.  A `kill -STOP' almost
+   extend emacsclient to handle suspend/resume.  A 'kill -STOP' almost
    works right now.)
 
    (Done.  I needed to play with signal handling and the server
    protocol a bit to make emacsclient behave as a normal UNIX program
    wrt foreground/background process groups.)
 
--- There is a flicker during the startup of `emacs -nw'; it's as if
+-- There is a flicker during the startup of 'emacs -nw'; it's as if
    the terminal is initialized, reset and then initialized again.
    Debug this.  (Hint: narrow_foreground_group is called twice during
    startup.)
@@ -973,7 +969,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    (It was an internal interface that may be changed when necessary.)
 
--- Change Lisp code not to (getenv "TERM"); use the `tty-type' frame
+-- Change Lisp code not to (getenv "TERM"); use the 'tty-type' frame
    parameter or the frame-tty-type function instead.  (M-x tags-search
    "TERM" helps with this.)  Update: Actually, all getenv invocations
    should be checked for multi-tty compatibility, and an interface
@@ -983,7 +979,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    calls should be mostly left as they are.)
 
 -- Add an elaborate mechanism for display-local variables.  (There are
-   already a few of these; search for `terminal-local' in the Elisp
+   already a few of these; search for 'terminal-local' in the Elisp
    manual.)
 
    (Not needed.  Display-local variables could be emulated by
@@ -1002,7 +998,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    emacsclient process for server tty frames.)
    (Update: Not really; Vlocale_coding_system is still global.)
 
--- Make `struct display' accessible to Lisp programs.  Accessor functions:
+-- Make 'struct display' accessible to Lisp programs.  Accessor functions:
 
         (displayp OBJECT):  Returns t if OBJECT is a display.
                 => Implemented as display-live-p.
@@ -1020,7 +1016,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
                 => Already implemented, see frames-on-display-list.
 
         (display-type DISPLAY):  Returns the type of DISPLAY, as a
-                symbol.  (See `framep'.)
+                symbol.  (See 'framep'.)
                 => Implemented as display-live-p.
 
         (display-device DISPLAY): Returns the name of the device that
@@ -1053,7 +1049,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    (Done.)
 
 -- Support multiple character locales.  A version of
-   `set-locale-environment' needs to be written for setting up
+   'set-locale-environment' needs to be written for setting up
    display-local settings on ttys.  I think calling
    set-display-table-and-terminal-coding-system and
    set-keyboard-coding-system would be enough.  The language
@@ -1066,7 +1062,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    them to tweak only frame-local settings, if possible.  (They tend
    to call define-key to set function key sequences a lot.)
 
-   (Done, by making `function-key-map' terminal-local (i.e., part of
+   (Done, by making 'function-key-map' terminal-local (i.e., part of
    struct kboard).  This has probably covered all the remaining problems.)
 
 -- xt-mouse.el needs to be adapted for multi-tty.  It currently
@@ -1083,8 +1079,8 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    This only seems to affect displays that are of the same terminfo
    type as the selected one. Interestingly, in screen Emacs normally
-   reports the up arrow key as `M-o A', but after the above SNAFU, it
-   complains about `M-[ a'.  UNIX ttys are a complete mystery to me,
+   reports the up arrow key as 'M-o A', but after the above SNAFU, it
+   complains about 'M-[ a'.  UNIX ttys are a complete mystery to me,
    but it seems the reset-reinitialize cycle somehow leaves the
    non-selected terminals in a different state than usual.  I have no
    idea how this could happen.
@@ -1132,15 +1128,15 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    clear what binding is in effect in any given time.  See if
    current_kboard (or at least the terminal-local bindings exported to
    Lisp) might be changed to be tied to the selected frame instead.
-   Currently, `function-key-map' and `key-translation-map' may be
+   Currently, 'function-key-map' and 'key-translation-map' may be
    accessed reliably only using the hackish
-   `(set-)terminal-local-value' functions.
+   '(set-)terminal-local-value' functions.
 
-   Perhaps there should be a difference between `last-command' &co.
+   Perhaps there should be a difference between 'last-command' &co.
    and these more conventional configuration variables.
-   (E.g. `symbol-value' would use current_kboard to access
-   `last-command', but SELECTED_FRAME()->display->kboard to get the
-   value of `function-key-map'.
+   (E.g. 'symbol-value' would use current_kboard to access
+   'last-command', but SELECTED_FRAME()->display->kboard to get the
+   value of 'function-key-map'.
 
    (Fixed in patch-434.)
 
@@ -1151,7 +1147,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    below" was the set-input-mode madness.)
 
    (Update: this bug was fixed for good in patch-449.  It was tracked
-   down to a bug in `read_key_sequence': it failed to reinitialize its
+   down to a bug in 'read_key_sequence': it failed to reinitialize its
    local function-key-map/key-translation-map references when it
    switched keyboards.  I don't understand why did this bug only
    appear on brand new frames, though!)
@@ -1163,35 +1159,35 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 -- Implement automatic forwarding of client environment variables to
    forked processes, as discussed on the multi-tty list.  Terminal
    parameters are now accessible in C code, so the biggest obstacle is
-   gone.  The `getenv_internal' and `child_setup' functions in
+   gone.  The 'getenv_internal' and 'child_setup' functions in
    callproc.c must be changed to support the following variable:
 
         terminal-local-environment-variables is a variable defined in ...
 
         Enable or disable terminal-local environment variables.
 
-        If set to t, `getenv', `setenv' and subprocess creation
+        If set to t, 'getenv', 'setenv' and subprocess creation
         functions use the environment variables of the emacsclient
         process that created the selected frame, ignoring
-        `process-environment'.
+        'process-environment'.
 
-        If set to nil, Emacs uses `process-environment' and ignores
+        If set to nil, Emacs uses 'process-environment' and ignores
         the client environment.
 
-        Otherwise, `terminal-local-environment-variables' should be a
+        Otherwise, 'terminal-local-environment-variables' should be a
         list of variable names (represented by Lisp strings) to look
         up in the client environment.  The rest will come from
-        `process-environment'.
+        'process-environment'.
 
-   (Implemented in patch-461; `terminal-getenv', `terminal-setenv' and
-   `with-terminal-environment' are now replaced by extensions to
-   `getenv' and `setenv', and the new `local-environment-variables'
+   (Implemented in patch-461; 'terminal-getenv', 'terminal-setenv' and
+   'with-terminal-environment' are now replaced by extensions to
+   'getenv' and 'setenv', and the new 'local-environment-variables'
    facility.  Yay!)
 
    (Updated in patch-465 to fix the semantics of let-binding
-   `process-environment'.  `process-environment' was changed to
+   'process-environment'.  'process-environment' was changed to
    override all local/global environment variables, and a new variable
-   `global-environment' was introduced to have `process-environment's
+   'global-environment' was introduced to have 'process-environment's
    old meaning.)
 
    (Updated in patch-466 to fix the case when two emacsclient sessions
@@ -1199,27 +1195,27 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    environment lists are now stored as frame parameters, so the
    C-level terminal parameters are not strictly necessary any more.)
 
--- `Fdelete_frame' is called from various critical places where it is
+-- 'Fdelete_frame' is called from various critical places where it is
    not acceptable for the frame deletion to fail, e.g. from
-   x_connection_closed after an X error.  `Fdelete_frame' now protects
-   against `delete-frame-functions' throwing an error and preventing a
+   x_connection_closed after an X error.  'Fdelete_frame' now protects
+   against 'delete-frame-functions' throwing an error and preventing a
    frame delete. (patch-475)
 
 -- Fix set-input-mode for multi-tty.  It's a truly horrible interface;
    what if we'd blow it up into several separate functions (with a
    compatibility definition)?
 
-   (Done.  See `set-input-interrupt-mode', `set-output-flow-control',
-   `set-input-meta-mode' and `set-quit-char'.) (patch-457)
+   (Done.  See 'set-input-interrupt-mode', 'set-output-flow-control',
+   'set-input-meta-mode' and 'set-quit-char'.) (patch-457)
 
--- Let-binding `overriding-terminal-local-map' on a brand new frame
-   does not seem to work correctly.  (See `fancy-splash-screens'.)
+-- Let-binding 'overriding-terminal-local-map' on a brand new frame
+   does not seem to work correctly.  (See 'fancy-splash-screens'.)
    The keymap seems to be set up right, but events go to another
-   terminal.  Or is it `unread-command-events' that gets Emacs
+   terminal.  Or is it 'unread-command-events' that gets Emacs
    confused?  Investigate.
 
    (Emacs was confused because a process filter entered
-   `recursive-edit' while Emacs was reading input.  I added support
+   'recursive-edit' while Emacs was reading input.  I added support
    for this in the input system.) (patch-489)
 
 -- I smell something funny around pop_kboard's "deleted kboard" case.
@@ -1244,7 +1240,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    synchronously (with wait_reading_process_input), or asynchronously
    by SIGIO or polling (SIGALRM).  C-g either sets the Vquit_flag,
    signals a 'quit condition (when immediate_quit), or throws to
-   `getcjmp' when Emacs was waiting for input when the C-g event
+   'getcjmp' when Emacs was waiting for input when the C-g event
    arrived.)
 
 -- Replace wrong_kboard_jmpbuf with a special return value of
@@ -1253,7 +1249,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    (Done in patch-500.)
 
--- `tool-bar-mode', `scroll-bar-mode', `menu-bar-mode' and
+-- 'tool-bar-mode', 'scroll-bar-mode', 'menu-bar-mode' and
    'fringe-mode' are modes global to the entire Emacs session, not
    just a single frame or a single terminal.  This means that their
    status sometimes differs from what's actually displayed on the
@@ -1266,7 +1262,7 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
 
    (Done in patch-537.)
 
--- The `default-directory' variable should somehow be set to the
+-- The 'default-directory' variable should somehow be set to the
    cwd of the emacsclient process when the user runs emacsclient
    without file arguments.  Perhaps it is OK to just override the
    directory of the *scratch* buffer.
@@ -1278,9 +1274,9 @@ DIARY OF CHANGES
    frame parameter) is not filled with the correct background color.
 
    It seems the border contents are drawn onto by the
-   update_single_window call in `x-show-tip'.  After some debugging, I
+   update_single_window call in 'x-show-tip'.  After some debugging, I
    think the window's background color is not set up
-   correctly---calling `x_clear_area' fills the specified area with
+   correctly---calling 'x_clear_area' fills the specified area with
    black, not light yellow.
 
    (Done in patch-544.  A background_pixel field was defined both in
diff --git a/admin/notes/newfile b/admin/notes/newfile
index a682fec72d5..072e966d60c 100644
--- a/admin/notes/newfile
+++ b/admin/notes/newfile
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ CHECKLIST FOR ADDING A NEW FILE TO EMACS -*- outline -*-
 format, copyright and license notice, etc).
 
 ** Make sure the filename does not cause the DOS port any problems (8+3).
-Run the `doschk' program like this:
+Run the 'doschk' program like this:
 
     find /path/to/emacs -print | doschk
 
diff --git a/admin/notes/repo b/admin/notes/repo
index f38fd2cc3a8..b27a3f42891 100644
--- a/admin/notes/repo
+++ b/admin/notes/repo
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ removes a file, then remove the corresponding files by hand.
 You may see conflicts in autoload md5sums in comments.  Strictly
 speaking, the right thing to do is merge everything else, resolve the
 conflict by choosing either the master or branch version, then run
-`make -C lisp autoloads' to update the md5sums to the correct master
+'make -C lisp autoloads' to update the md5sums to the correct master
 value before committing.
 
 * Re-adding a file that has been removed from the repository
@@ -96,12 +96,12 @@ which is often more appropriate.
 
 * Undoing a commit (uncommitting)
 
-If you have not pushed the commit, you may be able to use `git reset
+If you have not pushed the commit, you may be able to use 'git reset
 --hard' with a hash argument to revert the your local repo copy to the
 pre-commit state.
 
 If you have pushed  commit, resetting will be ineffective because it
-will only vanish the commit in your local copy.  Instead, use `git
+will only vanish the commit in your local copy.  Instead, use 'git
 revert', giving it the commit ID as argument. This will create a
 new commit that backs out the change. Then push that.
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ again.
 * Bisecting
 
 This is a semi-automated way to find the revision that introduced a bug.
-Browse `git help bisect' for technical instructions.
+Browse 'git help bisect' for technical instructions.
 
 * Maintaining ChangeLog history
 
diff --git a/admin/notes/unicode b/admin/notes/unicode
index 079173f6b52..bdef4cb3eda 100644
--- a/admin/notes/unicode
+++ b/admin/notes/unicode
@@ -97,11 +97,11 @@ regard to completeness.
 
  * iso-2022 charsets get unified on i/o.
 
-        With the change on 2003-01-06, decoding routines put `charset'
-        property to decoded text, and iso-2022 encoder pay attention
+        With the change on 2003-01-06, decoding routines put the 'charset'
+        property onto decoded text, and iso-2022 encoder pay attention
         to it.  Thus, for instance, reading and writing by
         iso-2022-7bit preserve the original designation sequences.
-        The property name `preferred-charset' may be better?
+        The property name 'preferred-charset' may be better?
 
         We may have to utilize this property to decide a font.
 
diff --git a/admin/quick-install-emacs b/admin/quick-install-emacs
index 911b39b4f60..55510fb0252 100755
--- a/admin/quick-install-emacs
+++ b/admin/quick-install-emacs
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ VERBOSE=''
 
 me="`basename $0`"
 
-# Install commands (if the user specifies the `--verbose' option, it is
+# Install commands (if the user specifies the '--verbose' option, it is
 # passed to these commands, so that feature only works if these commands
 # implement it too)
 LINK='cp -lf'
@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ unset LANG LC_ALL LC_MESSAGES
 
 # Some messages
 USAGE="Usage: $me [OPTION...] BUILD_TREE [PREFIX]"
-TRY="Try "\`"$me --help' for more information."
+TRY="Try '$me --help' for more information."
 
 # Parse command-line options
 while :; do
@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ Install emacs quickly
       --help                 display this help and exit
       --version              output version information and exit
 
-$me install emacs \`incrementally,' that is, it will
+$me install emacs "incrementally", that is, it will
 install only those files that have changed since the last time it was
 invoked, and remove any obsolete files from the installation
 directories.  It also uses hard-links into the source and build trees to
@@ -104,9 +104,9 @@ and build directories reside.
 
 Optionally, $me can also remove old versions of
 automatically generated files that are version-specific (such as the
-versioned emacs executables in the \`src' directory).
-The latter action is called \`pruning,' and
-can be enabled using the \`-p' or \`--prune' options.
+versioned emacs executables in the 'src' directory).
+The latter action is called "pruning", and
+can be enabled using the '-p' or '--prune' options.
 EOF
       exit 0
       ;;
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ EOF
       set -- `echo $FIRST | sed 's/-\(.\)\(.*\)/-\1 -\2/'` "$@"
       ;;
     -*)
-      echo 1>&2 "$me: unrecognized option "\`"$1'"
+      echo 1>&2 "$me: unrecognized option '$1'"
       echo 1>&2 "$TRY"
       exit 1
       ;;
diff --git a/leim/README b/leim/README
index 6a1fb328a39..d37be9716e5 100644
--- a/leim/README
+++ b/leim/README
@@ -12,13 +12,13 @@ CXTERM-DIC:
 This directory contains source dictionaries (TIT format) for Chinese
 input method distributed with cxterm (Chinese version xterm).  These
 dictionaries are automatically converted to Quail packages (Emacs Lisp
-source files) by `make'.
+source files) by 'make'.
 
 MISC-DIC:
 
 This directory contains various dictionaries for Chinese input
 methods.  These dictionaries are automatically converted to Quail
-packages (Emacs Lisp source files) by `make'.
+packages (Emacs Lisp source files) by 'make'.
 
 SKK-DIC:
 
diff --git a/lib-src/rcs2log b/lib-src/rcs2log
index 242760362e8..d1bd3693183 100755
--- a/lib-src/rcs2log
+++ b/lib-src/rcs2log
@@ -414,7 +414,7 @@ sort $SORT_K_OPTIONS </dev/null 2>/dev/null || SORT_K_OPTIONS='+2 -4r +4 +0'
 
 
 # Get the full name of each author the logs mention, and set initialize_fullname
-# to awk code that initializes the `fullname' awk associative array.
+# to awk code that initializes the 'fullname' awk associative array.
 # Warning: foreign authors (i.e. not known in the passwd file) are mishandled;
 # you have to fix the resulting output by hand.
 
@@ -546,8 +546,8 @@ esac
 
 # Function to print a single log line.
 # We don't use awk functions, to stay compatible with old awk versions.
-# `Log' is the log message.
-# `files' contains the affected files.
+# 'Log' is the log message.
+# 'files' contains the affected files.
 printlogline='{
 
         # Following the GNU coding standards, rewrite
@@ -587,7 +587,7 @@ printlogline='{
         }
 }'
 
-# Pattern to match the `revision' line of rlog output.
+# Pattern to match the 'revision' line of rlog output.
 rlog_revision_pattern='^revision [0-9]+\.[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+\.[0-9]+)*(['"$tab"' ]+locked by: [^'"$tab"' $,.0-9:;@]*[^'"$tab"' $,:;@][^'"$tab"' $,.0-9:;@]*;)?['"$tab"' ]*$'
 
 case $hostname in
diff --git a/lisp/term/README b/lisp/term/README
index 35715d97bb4..d01f133e5fb 100644
--- a/lisp/term/README
+++ b/lisp/term/README
@@ -7,22 +7,22 @@ terminal types.
 
    When Emacs opens a new terminal, it checks the TERM environment variable
 to see what type of terminal the user is running on.  (If there is an entry
-for TERM in the `term-file-aliases' variable, Emacs uses the associated value
+for TERM in the 'term-file-aliases' variable, Emacs uses the associated value
 in place of TERM in the following.)  Emacs searches for an elisp file named
 "term/${TERM}.el", and if one exists, loads it.  If Emacs finds no
 suitable file, then it strips the last hyphen and what follows it from TERM,
 and tries again.  If that still doesn't yield a file, then the previous hyphen
 is stripped, and so on until all hyphens are gone.  For example, if the
-terminal type is `aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first `term/aaa-48-foo.el', then
-`term/aaa-48.el' and finally `term/aaa.el'.  Emacs stops searching at the
+terminal type is 'aaa-48-foo', Emacs will try first 'term/aaa-48-foo.el', then
+'term/aaa-48.el' and finally 'term/aaa.el'.  Emacs stops searching at the
 first file found, and will not load more than one file for any terminal.  Note
 that it is not an error if Emacs is unable to find a terminal initialization
 file; in that case, it will simply proceed with the next step without loading
 any files.
 
    Once the file has been loaded (or the search failed), Emacs tries to call a
-function named `terminal-init-TERMINALNAME' (eg `terminal-init-aaa-48' for the
-`aaa-48' terminal) in order to initialize the terminal.  Once again, if the
+function named 'terminal-init-TERMINALNAME' (eg 'terminal-init-aaa-48' for the
+'aaa-48' terminal) in order to initialize the terminal.  Once again, if the
 function is not found, Emacs strips the last component of the name and tries
 again using the shorter name.  This search is independent of the previous file
 search, so that you can have terminal initialization functions for a family of
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ declaration.  Simply loading the file should not have any side effect.
 given terminal, when the first frame is created on it.  The function is not
 called for subsequent frames on the same terminal.  Therefore, terminal-init-*
 functions should only modify terminal-local variables (such as
-`local-function-key-map') and terminal parameters.  For example, it is not
+'local-function-key-map') and terminal parameters.  For example, it is not
 correct to modify frame parameters, since the modifications will only be
 applied for the first frame opened on the terminal.
 
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ mind.
    First, about keycap names.  Your terminal package can create any keycap
 cookies it likes, but there are good reasons to stick to the set recognized by
 the X-windows code whenever possible.  The key symbols recognized by Emacs
-are listed in src/term.c; look for the string `keys' in that file.
+are listed in src/term.c; look for the string 'keys' in that file.
 
    For one thing, it means that you'll have the same Emacs key bindings on in
 terminal mode as on an X console.  If there are differences, you can bet
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ they'll frustrate you after you've forgotten about them.
 about.  It tries to bind many of them to useful things at startup, before your
 .emacs is read (so you can override them).  In some ways, the X keysym standard
 is a admittedly poor one; it's incomplete, and not well matched to the set of
-`virtual keys' that UNIX terminfo(3) provides.  But, trust us, the alternatives
+'virtual keys' that UNIX terminfo(3) provides.  But, trust us, the alternatives
 were worse.
 
    This doesn't mean that if your terminal has a "Cokebottle" key you shouldn't
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ that set, try to pattern them on the standard terminfo variable names for
 clarity; also, for a fighting chance that your binding may be useful to someone
 else someday.
 
-   For example, if your terminal has a `find' key, observe that terminfo
+   For example, if your terminal has a 'find' key, observe that terminfo
 supports a key_find capability and call your cookie [find].
 
 Here is a complete list, with corresponding X keysyms.
@@ -184,14 +184,14 @@ key_f36		FQ			function key 36
 key_f64         k1                      function key 64
 
 (1) The terminfo documentation says this may be the 'insert character' or
-    `enter insert mode' key.  Accordingly, key_ic is mapped to the `insertchar'
-    keysym if there is also a key_dc key; otherwise it's mapped to `insert'.
-    The presumption is that keyboards with `insert character' keys usually
-    have `delete character' keys paired with them.
+    'enter insert mode' key.  Accordingly, key_ic is mapped to the 'insertchar'
+    keysym if there is also a key_dc key; otherwise it's mapped to 'insert'.
+    The presumption is that keyboards with 'insert character' keys usually
+    have 'delete character' keys paired with them.
 
 (2) If there is no key_next key but there is a key_npage key, key_npage
-    will be bound to the `next' keysym.  If there is no key_previous key but
-    there is a key_ppage key, key_ppage will be bound to the `previous' keysym.
+    will be bound to the 'next' keysym.  If there is no key_previous key but
+    there is a key_ppage key, key_ppage will be bound to the 'previous' keysym.
 
 (3) Sorry, these are not exact but they're the best we can do.
 
@@ -242,7 +242,7 @@ the setup code to bind anything else.
 
    If your terminal's arrow key sequences are so funky that they conflict with
 normal Emacs key bindings, the package should set up a function called
-(enable-foo-arrow-keys), where `foo' becomes the terminal name, and leave
+(enable-foo-arrow-keys), where 'foo' becomes the terminal name, and leave
 it up to the user's .emacs file whether to call it.
 
    Before writing a terminal-support package, it's a good idea to read the
diff --git a/src/README b/src/README
index ef08d14d075..adc782c10fc 100644
--- a/src/README
+++ b/src/README
@@ -4,16 +4,15 @@ See the end of the file for license conditions.
 
 This directory contains the source files for the C component of GNU Emacs.
 Nothing in this directory is needed for using Emacs once it is built
-and installed, if the dumped Emacs (on Unix systems) is copied elsewhere.
+and installed, if the dumped Emacs is copied elsewhere.
 
 See the files ../README and then ../INSTALL for installation instructions.
 
-Under GNU and Unix systems, the file `Makefile.in' is used as a
-template by the script `../configure' to produce `Makefile'.  This
-is the file which actually controls the compilation of Emacs.
-All of this should work transparently to the user; you should only
-need to run `../configure', and then type `make'.
-
+The file 'Makefile.in' is used as a template by the script
+'../configure' to produce 'Makefile'.  This is the file which actually
+controls the compilation of Emacs C source files.  All of this should
+work transparently; you should only need to change to the parent
+directory, run './configure', and then run 'make'.
 
 This file is part of GNU Emacs.