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-\input texinfo @c -*-texinfo-*-
-
-@setfilename ../../info/ns-emacs
-@settitle Emacs.app
-
-@dircategory Emacs
-@direntry
-* NS-Emacs: (ns-emacs).   Emacs.app for GNUstep and MacOS X.
-@end direntry
-
-@iftex
-@finalout
-@end iftex
-
-@c Easier to update automatically.
-@set VER 23.0.60
-
-@copying
-This document describes Emacs.app for GNUstep and MacOS X.
-
-Copyright @copyright{} 1994, 1997, 2001, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 Free Software
-Foundation, Inc.
-
-Copyright @copyright{} 1997 Christian Limpach.
-
-@quotation
-Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
-under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
-any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no
-Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being ``A GNU Manual'',
-and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below.  A copy of the license
-is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
-
-(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have the freedom to copy and
-modify this GNU manual.  Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
-developing GNU and promoting software freedom.''
-@end quotation
-@end copying
-
-
-@titlepage
-@sp 10
-@center @titlefont{Emacs.app}
-
-@center (@value{VER}, November, 2007)
-
-@sp 2
-@center Carl Edman
-@sp 2
-@center Christian Limpach
-@sp 2
-@center Scott Bender
-@sp 2
-@center Christophe de Dinechin
-@sp 2
-@center Adrian Robert
-@sp 2
-
-@end titlepage
-
-@ignore
-@menu
-* Introduction::                
-* Events::                      
-* Preferences Panel::
-* Preferences::                    
-* Tips and Tricks::             
-* Thanks::                      
-@end menu
-@end ignore
-
-@node Top, Introduction, (dir), (dir)
-@top Emacs.app
-
-Emacs.app for GNUstep and MacOS X (http://emacs-app.sf.net) is a version of
-GNU Emacs which adds support for the GNUstep and MacOS X systems via the
-OpenStep APIs (referred to as "Cocoa" under OS X).  For support for
-NeXTstep, OpenStep, and Rhapsody systems, try the older "Emacs-on-Aqua",
-available at http://emacs-on-aqua.sf.net.
-
-This port leaves most of the core functions of Emacs unchanged and is
-fully-compatible with all Emacs Lisp packages, however it has a number of
-step-ish features which do not have any equivalent in Emacs's X11 interface.
-The design aim was to make it look as similar as possible to an X application
-to Emacs Lisp programs and to make it look like a normal GNUstep or MacOS X
-application to users.
-
-(From here on out we refer to this port as "Emacs.app", and the systems
-supported by this port as "NeXTstep", "NS", or "OpenStep", because saying
-GNUstep / MacOS X is too clumsy.  Both systems were derived from the NeXTstep
-libraries developed by NeXT, Inc. for its NeXT computer and operating system,
-whose APIs were later published as the OpenStep specification.  All classes
-and functions in these APIs start with the letters 'NS' for this historical
-reason.)
-
-Comments and bug reports relating to the window system interface are welcome.
-To report a bug please use the @samp{Help/Report Emacs.app bug...}  menu item.
-This sends messages to the maintainer.  (Note, please include your email
-address if you don't usually send email from this machine.)
-
-Problems and bugs which do not relate to the NS support (i.e. which can be
-reproduced even in a dumb terminal or under the Carbon port or X11) should be
-reported through the normal Emacs channels.
-
-Also, please inspect the ``Known Issues'' contained in the README file you may
-have received with this distribution or listed at the web site
-http://emacs-app.sf.net .
-
-There is also a developer mailing list for Emacs.app,
-<emacs-app-dev-@@lists.sourceforge.net>.  Sign up through the project page at
-http://emacs-app.sf.net.  A user mailing list will be added in time and if
-warranted.
-
-
-@menu
-* Introduction::        What you need to know to use and program.
-* Events::              How NS window system events are handled.
-* Preferences Panel::   Using the Preferences Panel to customize Emacs.
-* Customization::       Customization for Emacs.app.
-* Tips and Tricks::     Collected hints from Emacs users
-* Thanks::              The people who helped create Emacs.app
-@end menu
-
-@node Introduction, Events, Top, Top
-@section Introduction
-
-Despite the size and complexity of GNU Emacs, NeXTstep and the NeXTstep
-support code, this manual can be kept mercifully short by saying that
-everything written in the Emacs and the Emacs Lisp manuals about GNU Emacs
-applies equally to this Emacs except as noted here.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-The ``right-click'' button (usually the right-hand button on a two-button
-mouse) is mapped to Mouse-3, instead of Mouse-2 as earlier versions of
-Emacs.app.  This is for compatibility with X versions of emacs.  To get some
-of the old behavior back, you can put in your .emacs:
-
-@lisp
-(global-set-key [mouse-3] 'mouse-yank-at-click)
-@end lisp
-
-The other functionality of mouse-3 in a buffer of extending a selection is
-available via shift-click as in other NS applications.  To pop up a context
-menu, 
-
-@item
-The Alt or Opt key is bound to the traditional emacs "meta" by default, while
-the NS "command" key is bound to 'super', for which a set of keybindings are
-set to mimic other NeXTstep applications.  (See @ref{Events}.)  You can change
-either of these bindings using the preferences panel (see @ref{Preferences
-Panel}).
-
-@item
-The standard NeXTstep font and color panels are accessible through the Windows
-menu, or through the standard Cmd-t and Cmd-C.  These are easier to use than
-Emacs's own methods for setting these items.  To use the color panel, drag
-from it to an emacs frame.  The foreground (or background, if shift is held
-down) of the face at that point will be changed.  To finalize settings for
-either color or font, choose 'Save Options' from under the Options menu.  To
-discard these settings, create a new frame and close the altered one.
-
-@item
-Opening files / directories and 'Save Buffer As' operated from the menus use
-the standard NS file panels.  Likewise if you use Cmd-o or Cmd-S.  However,
-if you use the regular Emacs key combinations Ctrl-x,Ctrl-f and Ctrl-x,w for
-these functions, the normal Emacs mode of typing filenames into the minibuffer
-is used.
-
-@item
-On GNUstep, in an X-windows environment you need to use Cmd-c instead of one
-of the Ctrl-w or Meta-w commands to transfer text to the X primary selection.
-(Ordinarily the "clipboard" selection is used, for compatibility with more
-modern Gnome and KDE programs.)  Likewise, Cmd-y (instead of Ctrl-y) will
-yank/paste in the X primary selection instead of the kill-ring / clipboard.
-
-@item
-The @code{window-system} variable can now have the value @code{ns} in addition
-to, e.g., @code{x} or @code{nil}.  You can use this in your .emacs file:
-
-If you just want to distinguish between cases in which there is a
-window system and in which there isn't, this construct is useful.
-@lisp
-(if window-system
-    ...       ;;; evaluate if any window system is running
-  ...)        ;;; evaluate only when running on a dumb terminal
-@end lisp
-
-For more detailed control, use this.
-@lisp
-(cond
- ((eq window-system 'ns)         ;;; NS specific instructions
-  ...)        
- ((eq window-system 'x)          ;;; X specific instructions
-  ...)
- (t      ;;; Instructions for dumb terminal or other window systems
-  ...))
-@end lisp
-
-@item
-Likewise, you can detect whether you are running in emacs-23 or an earlier
-version with:
-
-@lisp
-   (if (eq emacs-major-version '23) <emacs-23 code> <emacs-22- code>)
-@end lisp
-
-@item
-Most NS specific functions begin with 'ns-'.  Do "C-h f ns-[TAB]" to list
-these.  Many of these replace equivalent 'x-' functions, while others perform
-uniquely NS things, such as Service invocation.
-
-@item
-There are also NS variables beginning with 'ns-', however in most cases users
-need not pay attention to them since the customizability they provide is also
-available through the defaults system and preferences panel (see
-@ref{Preferences Panel} and @ref{Customization}).
-
-@item
-When Emacs is called by a name which ends in @file{-nw} it will always
-start in terminal mode.  For example, a user who needs a terminal only
-emacs would create a symbolic link from @file{emacs} to @file{emacs-nw}.
-When he launches @file{emacs-nw} from the command line, the window
-system will never be involved.  (Note, as of rc2, terminal mode is still not
-working under OS X.)
-@end itemize
-
-@node Events, Preferences Panel, Introduction, Top
-@section Events
-
-Under Emacs.app the NeXTstep command key works as the @dfn{super} modifier
-key.  In principle users can bind their command keys to whatever function they
-want, but to make the transition for NS users easier the default NS startup
-files bind the most commonly used NS command keys to work just like they do in
-most other NS applications.  Some are shown in the menus.  Choose "List
-Keybindings" from the Help menu and scroll down to the keys labeled starting
-with 's-' to see all of them.
-
-NS applications receive a number of special events which have no X equivalent.
-These are sent as specially defined ``keys'' (which don't correspond to any
-keyboard stroke combination).  Under Emacs these ``key'' events can be bound
-to functions just like ordinary keystrokes.  Here is a list of these events.
-
-@table @code
-@item ns-open-file
-This event occurs when another NeXTstep application requests that Emacs
-open a file.  A typical reason for this would be a user double-clicking
-a file in the Finder.  When this event is registered the
-name of the file to open is found in the variable @code{ns-input-file}.
-
-The behaviour of the default binding is controlled by the variable
-@code{ns-pop-up-frames}.  It's default value @code{'fresh} causes Emacs
-to open the new file in the selected frame if the selected buffer is a
-scratch buffer.  Otherwise Emacs opens a new frame and displays the file
-in that.
-
-To always get a new frame one would change @code{ns-pop-up-frames} to
-@code{t}.  To get the opposite behaviour (i.e. always putting the file into
-the selected frame), change @code{ns-pop-up-frames} to @code{nil}.
-
-@item ns-open-temp-file
-This event occurs when another application requests that Emacs open a
-temporary file.  The file name is again in @code{ns-input-file}.  By
-default this is handled by just generating a @code{ns-open-file} event
-(which then causes the @code{ns-open-file} function to be called
-whatever that may be).
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-open-temp-file] [ns-open-file])
-@end lisp
-
-@item ns-open-file-line
-Some applications (like e.g. ProjectBuilder or gdb) request not only a
-particular file, but also a particular line or sequence of lines in the
-file.  The file name is in @code{ns-input-file}, and
-@code{ns-input-line} is either the line or a cons cell the car of which
-contains the beginning line and the cdr of which the ending line.
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-open-file-line] 'ns-open-file-select-line)
-@end lisp
-
-@item ns-drag-file
-When a user drags files from another application into an Emacs frame
-this event is triggered.  Here @code{ns-input-file} is a list of all
-dragged files.  The default binding inserts all the dragged files into
-the current buffer.
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-drag-file] 'ns-insert-files)
-@end lisp
-
-@item ns-drag-color
-When a user drags a color from the color well (or some other source)
-Emacs sees this event and @code{ns-input-color} contains the name of the
-dragged color.  The default bindings alter the foreground color of the
-area the color was dragged onto (or background color if the color was
-shift dragged).
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-drag-color]  
-            'ns-set-foreground-at-mouse)
-(define-key global-map [S-ns-drag-color]
-            'ns-set-background-at-mouse)
-@end lisp
-
-@item ns-change-font
-Emacs.app allows the user to open a standard NS font panel (by default that
-function is bound to @kbd{Cmd-t}).  When the user selects a font in that
-panel this event occurs.  @code{ns-input-font} will contain the name of
-the selected font and @code{ns-input-fontsize} is its size.  The
-default binding causes Emacs to adjust the font of the selected frame.
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-change-font] 'ns-respond-to-changefont)
-@end lisp
-
-@item ns-power-off
-Finally when the user logs out and Emacs is still running it receives
-this event so that it has a chance to save its files before it dies.
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-power-off]
-  '(lambda () (interactive) (save-buffers-kill-emacs t)))
-@end lisp
-
-@end table
-
-Emacs.app also allows users to make use of NeXTstep services programatically,
-in addition to via the Services menu.  On the most basic level programmers can
-use the @code{ns-perform-service} to pass arbitrary strings to arbitrary
-services and receive the results back.  However convenience functions are
-automatically provided for all services so there should be no need to use
-this.  These function names begin with 'ns-service-', and they will either
-operate on marked text (replacing it with the result) or take a string
-argument and return the result as a string.  Type "M-x ns-service-[TAB][TAB]"
-to see those currently defined.  Note that Emacs may require a restart to
-access newly available services.
-
-
-@node Preferences Panel, Customization, Events, Top
-@section Preferences Panel
-
-The Preferences Panel can be used to set or change some of the settings for
-Emacs such as the text appearance, cursor settings, and key bindings.
-
-To save any settings changed through the Preferences Panel, hit OK;
-this has the same effect as if you had explicitly chosen Help > Save
-Preferences.
-
-To restore Emacs to use its default settings click Reset to Defaults from
-the Preferences Panel.
-
-Additional GNUstep/OS X preferences may be set from the command line using
-the @command{defaults} command. (See @ref{Customization}.)
-
-
-@section Text Rendering Preferences
-
-Font and color settings can be set using the standard NeXTstep font
-and color panels.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-To set the default font used by Emacs click the Default Font... button
-to launch the Font Panel.  Click on a frame before selecting the font
-family, typeface, and size of the default font from the Font Panel.
-
-Note that the default font will not be changed if a frame hasn't been
-selected first.
-
-@item
-To set the default foreground or background color click the
-Colors... button to launch the Color Panel.  Choose the color you want
-using any of the color models (color wheel, sliders, palette, image,
-or crayons) available from the Colors toolbar.  To apply the color
-drag a swatch from the color bar at the top of the panel to text on
-an Emacs frame.  Holding down shift will change the background color
-instead of the foreground.
-
-@item
-To use antialiased text check the Smooth Fonts option.  Lighter font
-smoothing can be achieved by checking the Use Quickdraw (lighter)
-smoothing option.
-
-@item
-To change the line height that text is displayed at drag the Expand
-Line Spacing slider.  When the slider is set to 0.0 Emacs will use the
-same line height as other Mac OS X applications.  To increase the line
-height (and decrease the number of lines that can be displayed on the
-screen) drag the slider towards 1.0.  To decrease the line height
-(increases the number of lines that can be displayed) drag the slider
-towards -1.0.
-
-After the line spacing setting has been changed Emacs must be restarted
-to take account of the change.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@section Display Preferences
-
-The Display Preferences can be used to change the appearance of the
-default cursor used by Emacs.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-The Cursor Type radio buttons can be used to select the style used for the cursor:
-
-@itemize
-@item
-Box - the cursor is displayed as a box
-@item
-Underscore - the cursor is displayed as a horizontal bar
-@item
-Bar - the cursor is displayed as a vertical bar
-@item
-Hollow - the cursor is displayed as a box with an outline but no fill
-@end itemize
-
-@item
-Use the Cursor Blink Rate slider to set the frequency at which the cursor blinks.
-
-@item
-Check the Use System Highlight Color option to use the system default
-color for highlighted text.
-
-@end itemize
-
-@section Modifier Interpretation Preferences
-
-The Modifier Preferences can be used to change the behaviour of the
-Alt/Opt and Command keys.  By default the Alt or Opt key is bound to
-the Emacs 'Meta' key, and the Command key is bound to 'super' which
-allows the Command key to function in a way similar to other
-NeXTstep/OS X applications.
-
-@itemize @bullet
-@item
-To re-bind the Alt or Opt key select a keybinding from the Alt/Opt Key
-combo box.
-@item
-To re-bind the Command key select a keybinding from the Command Key
-combo box.
-@end itemize
-
-
-@node Customization, Tips and Tricks, Preferences Panel, Top
-@section Customization
-
-Under X, resources are used to customize the behavior of Emacs to the
-needs of the user.  These resources are queried programmatically with
-the @code{x-get-resource} function.  Under NS defaults fulfill a
-similar function.  They can be read using the @code{ns-get-resource}
-function.  Calls to @code{x-get-resource} are automatically mapped to
-@code{ns-get-resource}.  From the command line, the command
-`@code{defaults read org.gnu.Emacs}' will show these resources as of
-last Emacs quit, and individual resources can be read/written by
-commands like `@code{defaults read Emacs Foo}' and `@code{defaults
-write Emacs Foo barvalue}'.
-
-Calling the function @code{ns-save-preferences} in lisp, or selecting ``Save
-Options'' from the 'Options' menu will automatically write out the defaults
-corresponding to the selected window.
-
-In addition, it is also possible to set many of the following customizations
-by setting the @code{default-frame-alist} in the @file{~/.emacs} file.
-
-Many of the preferences relating specifically to the NS windowing system (font
-rendering, cursor type, etc.) can be set using a @ref{Preferences Panel}
-accessed in the standard fashion from the menubar or Cmd-,.  It is important
-to note that when you hit 'OK' on this panel, @emph{all} NS settings are saved
-(including font and colors) just as if you had called
-@code{ns-save-preferences}.
-
-Note that if you use the 'Default Font' button on the Preferences panel, you
-must click on a frame before selecting a font, otherwise nothing will happen.
-If you pop up the color panel, you must drag colors to a frame for them to
-have an effect.  (Remember to hold down 'shift' to change background instead
-of foreground.)
-
-This is a listing of some of the more useful defaults (and their default
-values).  Several of these defaults accept the names of colors as values.  For
-a list of all available colors pull up the color panel and look at the color
-list called ``Emacs''.  Emacs also accepts color specifications of the form
-@samp{ARGBaarrggbb} where @var{aa}, @var{rr}, @var{gg}, and @var{bb} are two
-hexadecimal digits describing the alpha, red, green, and blue content of the
-color respectively.  @samp{HSBhhssbb}, @samp{CMYKccmmyykk} and
-@samp{GRAYgg} are the equivalents in @samp{HSB}, @samp{CMYK} and gray
-scales.  (For HSB, @samp{AHSBaahhssbb} is also accepted.)
-
-@table @samp
-@item InternalBorderWidth
-Width in pixels of the internal border of the NS frame.  This acts to separate
-the text area of the window from the fringes, scrollbars, and/or edges.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs InternalBorderWidth 2
-@end example
-
-@item VerticalScrollBars
-@samp{YES} or @samp{NO} to enable or disable scroll bars, @samp{left} or
-@samp{right} to explicitly set the side.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs VerticalScrollBars YES
-@end example
-
-@item Font
-Name of the default font to be used for new frames (which can be overriden by
-various faces).  If this font is not set, Emacs.app will use the system
-wide fixed pitch font.  For most users the system fixed pitch font will be
-@samp{Monaco} which doesn't have any bold or italic versions.  (Italic will be
-synthesized.)
-
-@item FontSize
-Size of the font to be used for new frames.  If not set Emacs for NS will use
-the default size of the system wide fixed pitch font.
-
-@item Foreground
-The default foreground (text) color for new frames.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs Foreground "Black"
-@end example
-
-@item Background
-The default background color for new frames.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs Background "White"
-@end example
-
-@item Height
-Height in rows of the default window.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs Height 48
-@end example
-
-@item Width
-Width in columns of the default window.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs Width 80
-@end example
-
-@item CursorType
-Name of the default cursor type for Emacs.  Allowed values are
-@samp{box}, @samp{hollow}, @samp{underscore}, @samp{bar},  @samp{line} and @samp{no}.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs CursorType box
-@end example
-
-@item CursorBlinkRate
-Users who want their cursor to blink can set the rate (in seconds) with
-this defaults write.  Setting it to @samp{NO} disables cursor blinking.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs CursorBlinkRate NO
-@end example
-
-@item CursorColor
-Name of the default cursor color for Emacs.  Of a particular use for this
-setting is the @samp{Highlight} "color".  When it is the cursor color,
-Emacs will draw the cursor using the standard NS highlighting operator.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs CursorColor Highlight
-@end example
-
-@item Top
-Distance in pixels from the top of the screen of the upper left corner
-of the default window.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs Top 100
-@end example
-
-@item Left
-Distance in pixels from the left edge of the screen to the upper left
-corner of the default window.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs Left 100
-@end example
-
-@item HideOnAutoLaunch
-@samp{YES} or @samp{NO} to determine whether Emacs will hide itself when
-autolaunched from the dock.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs HideOnAutoLaunch NO
-@end example
-
-@item ExpandSpace
-This lets you expand or shrink the line height used for displaying text.  When
-this is set to 0.0, display should look like other NS apps.  If you set it
-higher than 0, Emacs will spread the text lines apart, less than 0, compress
-them together.  (With settings below zero parts of characters may be chopped
-off in certain fonts.)  When using the @ref{Preferences Panel}, this is
-controlled by a slider.  You must OK the panel and then restart Emacs.app for
-this default to take effect.
-
-When setting this using @code{"defaults write"}, you can either set a floating
-point value, or @samp{YES}, which is equivalent 0.5, or @samp{NO}, which is
-equivalent to 0.0.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs ExpandSpace -0.125
-@end example
-
-@item GSFontAntiAlias
-This turns antialiasing on and off on.  Note that, on OS X, even if
-antialiasing is on, Emacs will not antialias text of a size below the system
-preference setting.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs GSFontAntiAlias NO
-@end example
-
-@item UseQuickdrawSmoothing
-On OS X 10.3 and higher, this will render fonts using Quickdraw antialiasing,
-which is less heavy than the Quartz antialiasing used by default.  Whether
-this is on or off, the system font size threshold for antialiasing (see above)
-is respected.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs UseQuickdrawSmoothing YES
-@end example
-
-@item AlternateModifier
-This allows you to set the effect of the Alt or Opt key.  The default is
-@samp{meta}, meaning to use as the Emacs 'meta' key.  You can also set this to
-@samp{command}, @samp{hyper}, @samp{alt}, or @samp{none}.  The last is useful
-for Continental users who normally use this key to enter accented and other
-special characters.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs AlternateModifier "none"
-@end example
-
-@item CommandModifier
-This allows you to set the effect of the Command key.  The default is
-@samp{super}, which is used in a set of keybindings such as @code{s-o} for
-``open file'' and @code{s-z} for ``undo'' that are similar to other NeXTstep
-applications.  On the other hand, some people who use the Alt/Opt key for
-accent entry like to set this to @samp{meta} so they still have easy access to
-Emacs functionality bound to meta keys.  You can also set this, like Alt/Opt,
-to @samp{hyper} or @samp{alt}, though there are no bindings to combinations
-using these keys by default.  The @samp{none} option is not available for the
-Command key.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs CommandModifier "meta"
-@end example
-
-@item fooFrame
-Position and size to use for the frame named @var{foo} when it is
-created.  The position and size have to be specified as a space
-separated list: @samp{top}, @samp{left}, @samp{height} and
-@samp{width}. @samp{top} and @samp{left} are expressed in pixels,
-@samp{height} is given in rows and @samp{width} is given in columns.
-Named frames can be created by e.g. @code{(make-frame '((name
-. "FOO")))}.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs TestFrame "100 200 30 70"
-@end example
-
-Another default previouly used by many Emacs users is this.
-
-@example
-defaults write Workspace DefaultOpenApp Emacs
-@end example
-
-It caused the NeXTstep Workspace to open files without a registered extension
-in Emacs instead of as usual Edit.  For this default to work, Emacs needed to
-be in the application search path of the Workspace (which usually includes
-@file{~/Applications} and @file{~/Applications}).  If anyone knows the current
-way to do this under OS X please contact the authors.
-
-@end table
-
-@node Tips and Tricks, Thanks, Customization, Top
-@section Tips and Tricks
-
-Emacs is an extremely customizable editor.  You can make it conform to
-virtually any conceivable user idiosyncrasy (and some which are not) by adding
-a few well-chosen lines of emacs lisp to your @file{~/.emacs}.  Unfortunately
-even many experienced C developers are unfamiliar with Emacs Lisp.  For that
-reason many Emacs.app defaults have been chosen to make it behave as similar
-to TextEdit as possible.  But there are some customizations which a majority
-of users probably would hate as much as a minority would love them.  This
-section contains a cookbook of such customizations.  New contributions by
-Emacs users are very welcome.
-
-@menu
-* Grabbing environment variables::  
-* Miscellaneous useful variables::  
-* Color adjustments::           
-* Evaling in the minibuffer::   
-* Highlighting matching parentheses::  
-* Dealing with X specific packages::  
-* Rebinding the numeric keypad::  
-* Improving C mode::            
-* Custom menu items::           
-* Single line scrolling::       
-* Open files by dragging to an Emacs window:: 
-@ignore
-* Extended font customization::  
-@end ignore
-@end menu
-
-@node Grabbing environment variables, Miscellaneous useful variables, Tips and Tricks, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Grabbing environment variables
-
-Many programs which may run under Emacs like latex or man depend on the
-settings of environment variables.  If Emacs is launched from the shell, it
-will automatically inherit these environment variables and its subprocesses
-will inherit them from it.  But if Emacs.app is launched from the Finder it
-is not a descendant of any shell, so its environment variables haven't been
-set which often causes the subprocesses it launches to behave differently than
-they would when launched from the shell.
-
-To solve this problem for Emacs.app, there are two solutions.  First is to
-run, from the command line:
-
-@example
-.../Emacs.app/Contents/MacOS/bin/mac-fix-env
-@end example
-
-This will pick up your environment settings and save them into a special file
-@file{~/.MacOSX/environment.plist}, which the desktop environment will use to
-set the environment for all launched applications.  The drawback of this
-method is it needs to be run again whenever something changes.
-
-The other approach is to use the @code{ns-grabenv} command inside Emacs.  This
-function will run a subshell and copy its environment variables into Emacs.
-
-Adding this line to your @file{~/.emacs} will grab the csh environment
-whenever emacs runs under a window system.
-
-@lisp
-(if window-system (ns-grabenv))
-@end lisp
-
-If you have a different shell you will have to give @code{ns-grabenv} some
-arguments.  For zsh you would do this.
-
-@lisp
-(if window-system (ns-grabenv "/usr/bin/zsh"
-                           "source /etc/zshenv"
-                           "source ~/.zshenv"))
-@end lisp
-
-The reason that @code{ns-grabenv} is not done by default is that it adds up
-to a second or two to the Emacs startup time.
-
-@node Miscellaneous useful variables, Color adjustments, Grabbing environment variables, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Miscellaneous useful variables
-
-This section describes a few variables you might want to set in your
-@file{~/.emacs} each of which doesn't warrant its own section.
-
-There is a conflict between the way the region behaved in emacs in the
-pre-GUI days and the way GUI users expect the selection to work.  By
-default that conflict is resolved by having the former adopt the
-behaviour of the latter which most people prefer.  However if you are a
-die-hard emacs user you may prefer things the other way around and add
-this line to your @file{~/.emacs}.  Experiment with both settings.
-
-@lisp
-(setq transient-mark-mode nil)
-@end lisp
-
-When you try to move beyond the end of a file Emacs used to add newlines as
-needed, however from Emacs-21 on, this was no longer done.  If you prefer the
-old behavior, this line in your @file{~/.emacs} will restore it.
-
-@lisp
-(setq next-line-add-newlines t)
-@end lisp
-
-By default when you kill a line with text on it, only the text is
-removed while the line itself remains.  You have to kill twice to really
-get rid of the whole line.  When this variable is set and you kill a
-line while at the beginning of the line it will go at once.
-
-@lisp
-(setq kill-whole-line t)
-@end lisp
-
-Annoyed by the Emacs startup message ?  Add this and you start with a
-tabula rasa.
-
-@lisp
-(setq inhibit-startup-message t)
-@end lisp
-
-@node Color adjustments, Evaling in the minibuffer, Miscellaneous useful variables, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Color adjustments
-
-A non-elisp hint: The easiest way to adjust your emacs color scheme is to
-bring up a color panel (with @key{Cmd-C}) and drag the color you want over the
-emacs face you want to change.  Normal dragging will alter the foreground
-color.  Shift dragging will alter the background color.  To make the changes
-permanent select the "Save Options" item in the "Options" menu, or run
-@code{ns-save-preferences}.  Useful in this context is the listing of all
-faces obtained by @key{M-x} @code{list-faces-display}.
-
-@node Evaling in the minibuffer, Highlighting matching parentheses, Color adjustments, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Evaling in the minibuffer
-
-Often you (at least if you are an elisp hacker) want to quickly evaluate
-an elisp expression.  To accomodate this desire Emacs provides the
-@code{eval-expression} command bound to @key{M-:}.  By default it is
-disabled to protect novice users from themselves.  These commands
-re-enable it and turn on an extremely powerful completion facility.
-
-@lisp
-(put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil)
-
-(define-key read-expression-map "\t" 'lisp-complete-symbol)
-@end lisp
-
-@node Highlighting matching parentheses, Dealing with X specific packages, Evaling in the minibuffer, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Highlighting matching parentheses
-
-I doubt that there is anybody who doesn't use this already, but just in
-case:
-
-@lisp
-(show-paren-mode 't)
-@end lisp
-
-In Emacs.app this is currently enhanced by use of the @code{mic-paren} package
-from http://www.docs.uu.se/~mic/emacs.html.
-
-@node Dealing with X specific packages, Rebinding the numeric keypad, Highlighting matching parentheses, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Dealing with X specific packages
-
-Some emacs lisp packages explicitly call X specific functions instead of
-calling generic functions which call the NS or X versions as appropriate.
-Typically such packages will result in error messages like @samp{Symbol's
-function definition is void: x-foo-bar}.  The proper way of dealing with this
-is to have the author fix the code to call the generic functions.  Generally
-all that requires is removing the @samp{x-} prefix from all function calls.
-
-However, sometimes that is not possible, or it may be a package internal to
-emacs itself.  In this case please report a bug to the Emacs.app maintainers
-(not the main GNU emacs maintainers).
-
-A related problem is font names.  For historical reasons, Emacs assumes all
-font names are given ``X style'', as in ``-adobe-courier-....-iso8859-1''.
-Emacs.app tries to work around this as well as possible, and the best thing to
-do is never rely on functions to set font names yourself but to always use the
-font panel.
-
-@node Rebinding the numeric keypad, Improving C mode, Dealing with X specific packages, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Rebinding the numeric keypad
-
-By default in Emacs the numeric keypad keys are bound to the same
-characters they are in all other NS applications.  But it is easy to
-change these bindings to commands many will find more useful.  As an
-example here is the code which rebinds the numeric keypad for me.
-
-@lisp
-(global-set-key [kp-0] 'other-window)
-(global-set-key [kp-1] 'end-of-buffer)
-(global-set-key [kp-2] [down])
-(global-set-key [kp-3] 'scroll-up)
-(global-set-key [kp-4] [left])
-(global-set-key [kp-5] 'set-mark-command)
-(global-set-key [kp-6] [right])
-(global-set-key [kp-7] 'beginning-of-buffer)
-(global-set-key [kp-8] [up])
-(global-set-key [kp-9] 'scroll-down)
-(global-set-key [kp-decimal] 'yank)
-(global-set-key [kp-enter] 'set-mark-command)
-(global-set-key [kp-add] 'copy-region-as-kill)
-(global-set-key [kp-subtract] 'kill-region)
-@end lisp
-
-On machines with function keys they can be bound as well.  This for example
-would bind @key{F12} to run gnus.
-
-@lisp
-(global-set-key [f12] 'gnus)
-@end lisp
-
-@node Improving C mode, Custom menu items, Rebinding the numeric keypad, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Improving C mode
-
-That underscores are considered to break words in C mode has been driving me
-insane for a long time.  This line fixes the problem.
-
-@lisp
-(modify-syntax-entry ?_ "w" c-mode-syntax-table)
-@end lisp
-
-@node Custom menu items, Single line scrolling, Improving C mode, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Custom menu items
-
-The tools menu is intended for customization.  Adding items to it is
-relatively painless as this example illustrates.
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [menu-bar tools www] '("WWW" . w3-use-hotlist))
-@end lisp
-
-@node Single line scrolling, Open files by dragging to an Emacs window, Custom menu items, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Single line scrolling
-
-The meta-arrow keys will perform single-line scrolling in Emacs
-just like they did in the old NeXT/OpenStep Stuart.app.
-
-@node Open files by dragging to an Emacs window, , Single line scrolling, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Open files by dragging to an Emacs window
-
-The default behaviour when a user drags files from another application
-into an Emacs frame is to insert the contents of all the dragged files
-into the current buffer.  To remap the @code{ns-drag-file} event to
-open the dragged files in the current frame use the following line:
-
-@lisp
-(define-key global-map [ns-drag-file] 'ns-find-file)
-@end lisp
-
-@ignore
-@node Extended font customization,  , Single line scrolling, Tips and Tricks
-@subsection Extended font customization
-
-By default Emacs tries to guess the right font when you ask for a bold,
-italic or bold-italic face.  Unfortunately this fails sometimes, for
-example Emacs won't guess that it should use @samp{Courier-Bold} as the
-font for the bold face of @samp{Ohlfs}.  As an example here is the code
-which sets up @samp{Courier-Bold}, @samp{Courier-Oblique} and
-@samp{Courier-BoldOblique} as the fonts to be used with @samp{Ohlfs}.
-
-@lisp
-(setq ns-convert-font-trait-alist
-      '(("Ohlfs" "Courier-Bold" "Courier-Oblique"
-         "Courier-BoldOblique")))
-@end lisp
-
-You will still have to set the @samp{DefaultFont}, @samp{BoldFont},
-@samp{ItalicFont} and @samp{Bold-ItalicFont} defaults as Emacs
-initializes the default faces before it reads your @file{~/.emacs}.
-Also Emacs initializes @code{ns-convert-font-trait-alist} from these
-defaults so that normally it's sufficient to set these defaults to get
-correct faces.
-
-@example
-defaults write Emacs DefaultFont Ohlfs
-defaults write Emacs BoldFont Courier-Bold
-defaults write Emacs ItalicFont Courier-Oblique
-defaults write Emacs Bold-ItalicFont Courier-BoldOblique
-@end example
-@end ignore
-
-
-@node Thanks,  , Tips and Tricks, Top
-@section Thanks
-A signficant number of people have been involved in the creation of Emacs.app.
-Carl Edman <cedman@@lynx.ps.uci.edu> created and maintained Emacs up to
-version 4.1 and it's reasonable to say that without his work, Emacs.app
-wouldn't exist.  Michael Brouwer <michael@@thi.nl> wrote the original version
-(up to and including version 3.x) and was a constant contributor to Emacs.app
-version 4 and above.  Christian Limpach <chris@@nice.ch> took over maintenance
-and updating at version 4.2, and made substantial contributions in a number of
-areas.  Scott Bender <sbender@@harmony-ds.com> ported the code to OpenStep and
-Rhapsody for version 6.0.  Christophe de Dinechin <ddd@@cup.hp.com> ported the
-code to MacOS X for version 7.0 and moved the code base to SourceForge.  Leigh
-Smith <leigh@@leighsmith.com> maintained the SourceForge project for a period.
-Adrian Robert <arobert@@cogsci.ucsd.edu> ported the code to GNUstep
-(http://gnustep.org), updated it for post-emacs-20, and maintains it for the
-present.
-
-Also a number of others have contributed code.  Steve Nygard
-<nygard@@telusplanet.net> got emacs to dump under OpenStep.  The font panel
-code was Andrew Athan's <athan@@object.com> work.  Joe Reiss
-<jreiss@@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu> both created the beautiful icons you see
-and wrote the popup menu and dialog box code as well as much else.
-
-Finally, suggestions from Darcy Brockbank, Timothy Bissell, Scott Byer, David
-Griffiths, Scott Hess, Eberhard Mandler, John C. Randolph, and Bradley Taylor
-all helped things along at one point or another.  Axel Seibert
-<seiberta@@informatik.tu-muenchen.de> and Paul J. Sanchez
-<paul@@whimsy.umsl.edu> offered their time and machines to make a binary
-release possible.
-
-The GNUstep port was made possible through the assistance of Adam Fedor, Fred
-Kiefer, M. Uli Klusterer, Alexander Malmberg, and Jonas Matton.  Gürkan Sengün
-made it accessible to a wider community.
-
-Riccardo Mottola helped with compatibility with MacOS versions 10.1 and 10.2,
-and GNUstep on platforms other than Linux.
-
-Peter Dyballa kept things honest with multilingual support.  Rahul Abrol, Adam
-Ratcliffe, David M. Cooke, and Carsten Bormann provided various small patches.
-
-Then there were a number of people who kept up the constant supply of bug
-reports, suggested features and praise (which is the main fuel which the
-development of a project like this runs) and so helped ensure that this
-program is as bug free (hah !)  and feature rich as you see it today.  First
-among them were Hardy Mayer <hardy@@golem.ps.uci.edu>, Gisli Ottarsson
-<gisli@@timoshenko.eecs.umich.edu>, Anthony Heading <ajrh@@signal.dra.hmg.gb>,
-David Bau <bau@@cs.cornell.edu>, Jamie Zawinski <jwz@@lucid.com>, Martin
-Moncrieffe <moncrief@@mayo.edu>, Simson L. Garfinkel
-<simsong@@next.cambridge.ma.us>, Richard Stallman <rms@@gnu.ai.mit.edu>,
-Stephen Anderson <anderson@@sapir.cog.jhu.edu>, Ivo Welch
-<ivo@@next.agsm.ucla.edu>, Magnus Nordborg <magnus@@fisher.Stanford.EDU>, Tom
-Epperly <epperly@@valeron.che.wisc.edu>, Andreas Koenig
-<k@@franz.ww.tu-berlin.de>, Yves Arrouye <Yves.Arrouye@@imag.fr>, Anil
-Somayaji <soma@@hotspur.mit.edu>, Gregor Hoffleit
-<flight@@mathi.uni-heidelberg.DE> and doubtlessly many more.
-
-Finally, let us also thank those few hundred other people on the mailing list
-from whom we didn't hear much, but the presence of which assured us that maybe
-this project was actually worth doing.
-@bye
-
-@ignore
-   arch-tag: 286bdf18-ccfb-48b2-b730-994771de6bdd
-@end ignore