move more advanced vc info to emacs-xtra.texi

5 files changed, 940 insertions, 906 deletions

diff --git a/man/ChangeLog b/man/ChangeLog
index 37543f5d8da..5123c1127ae 100644
--- a/man/ChangeLog
+++ b/man/ChangeLog
@@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
+2006-04-11  Karl Berry  <karl@gnu.org>
+
+        * emacs-xtra.texi, emacs.texi (Dired under VC, VC Dired Commands,
+         Remote Repositories, Version Backups, Local Version Control,
+         Snapshots, Making and Using Snapshots, Snapshot Caveats,
+         Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC, Change Logs and VC,
+         Renaming VC Work Files and Master Files,
+         Inserting Version Control Headers, Customizing VC, General Options,
+         Options for RCS and SCCS, Options specific for CVS): move all
+         these nodes to emacs-xtra.texi, for brevity.
+         * cmdargs.texi, files.texi: change cross-references.
+
 2006-04-11  Reiner Steib  <Reiner.Steib@gmx.de>
 
         * gnus.texi, gnus-faq.texi, message.texi: Gnus v5.10.8 is released.
diff --git a/man/cmdargs.texi b/man/cmdargs.texi
index f266913d266..f1e7c539f76 100644
--- a/man/cmdargs.texi
+++ b/man/cmdargs.texi
@@ -551,7 +551,7 @@ The name of an interpreter used to parse and execute programs run from
 inside Emacs.
 @item SMTPSERVER
 The name of the outgoing mail server.  Used by the SMTP library
-(@pxref{Top,,Sending mail via SMTP,smtpmail}).
+(@pxref{Top,,,Sending mail via SMTP,smtpmail}).
 @cindex background mode, on @command{xterm}
 @item TERM
 The type of the terminal that Emacs is using.  This variable must be
diff --git a/man/emacs-xtra.texi b/man/emacs-xtra.texi
index 7f7574d05e5..d4a1e5f000e 100644
--- a/man/emacs-xtra.texi
+++ b/man/emacs-xtra.texi
@@ -57,12 +57,14 @@ license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.
 @menu
 * Introduction::                  What documentation belongs here?
 * Autorevert::                    Auto Reverting non-file buffers.
-* Subdir switches::               Subdirectory switches in Dired.
+* Subdir Switches::               Subdirectory switches in Dired.
 * Advanced Calendar/Diary Usage:: Advanced Calendar/Diary customization.
 * Emerge::                        A convenient way of merging two versions
                                     of a program.
 * Picture Mode::                  Editing pictures made up of characters
                                     using the quarter-plane screen model.
+
+* Advanced VC Usage::             Advanced VC (version control) features.
 * Fortran::                       Fortran mode and its special features.
 * MS-DOG::                        
 * Index::
@@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ for the buffer reliably assures that all information in the buffer is
 completely up to date (or will be after @code{auto-revert-interval}
 seconds).
 
-@node Subdir switches
+@node Subdir Switches
 @chapter Subdirectory Switches in Dired
 
 You can insert subdirectories with specified @code{ls} switches in
@@ -1889,6 +1891,887 @@ other modes.  @kbd{C-c C-y} (@code{picture-yank-rectangle}) inserts
 @kbd{C-c C-x} (@code{picture-yank-rectangle-from-register}) does
 likewise for the rectangle found in a specified register.
 
+@node Advanced VC Usage
+@chapter Advanced VC Usage
+
+  Commonly used features of Emacs' version control (VC) support are
+described in the main Emacs manual (@pxref{Version Control,,,emacs,
+the Emacs Manual}).  This chapter describes more advanced VC usage.
+
+@menu
+* VC Dired Mode::       Listing files managed by version control.
+* VC Dired Commands::   Commands to use in a VC Dired buffer.
+* Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
+* Snapshots::           Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
+* Miscellaneous VC::    Various other commands and features of VC.
+* Customizing VC::      Variables that change VC's behavior.
+@end menu
+
+@node VC Dired Mode
+@section Dired under VC
+
+@cindex PCL-CVS
+@pindex cvs
+@cindex CVS Dired Mode
+  The VC Dired Mode described here works with all the version control
+systems that VC supports.  Another more powerful facility, designed
+specifically for CVS, is called PCL-CVS.  @xref{Top, , About PCL-CVS,
+pcl-cvs, PCL-CVS --- The Emacs Front-End to CVS}.
+
+@kindex C-x v d
+@findex vc-directory
+  When you are working on a large program, it is often useful to find
+out which files have changed within an entire directory tree, or to view
+the status of all files under version control at once, and to perform
+version control operations on collections of files.  You can use the
+command @kbd{C-x v d} (@code{vc-directory}) to make a directory listing
+that includes only files relevant for version control.
+
+@vindex vc-dired-terse-display
+  @kbd{C-x v d} creates a buffer which uses VC Dired Mode.  This looks
+much like an ordinary Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired,,,emacs, the
+Emacs Manual}); however, normally it shows only the noteworthy files
+(those locked or not up-to-date).  This is called @dfn{terse display}.
+If you set the variable @code{vc-dired-terse-display} to @code{nil},
+then VC Dired shows all relevant files---those managed under version
+control, plus all subdirectories (@dfn{full display}).  The command
+@kbd{v t} in a VC Dired buffer toggles between terse display and full
+display (@pxref{VC Dired Commands}).
+
+@vindex vc-dired-recurse
+  By default, VC Dired produces a recursive listing of noteworthy or
+relevant files at or below the given directory.  You can change this by
+setting the variable @code{vc-dired-recurse} to @code{nil}; then VC
+Dired shows only the files in the given directory.
+
+  The line for an individual file shows the version control state in the
+place of the hard link count, owner, group, and size of the file.  If
+the file is unmodified, in sync with the master file, the version
+control state shown is blank.  Otherwise it consists of text in
+parentheses.  Under RCS and SCCS, the name of the user locking the file
+is shown; under CVS, an abbreviated version of the @samp{cvs status}
+output is used.  Here is an example using RCS:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+  /home/jim/project:
+
+  -rw-r--r-- (jim)      Apr  2 23:39 file1
+  -r--r--r--            Apr  5 20:21 file2
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+@noindent
+The files @samp{file1} and @samp{file2} are under version control,
+@samp{file1} is locked by user jim, and @samp{file2} is unlocked.
+
+  Here is an example using CVS:
+
+@smallexample
+@group
+  /home/joe/develop:
+
+  -rw-r--r-- (modified) Aug  2  1997 file1.c
+  -rw-r--r--            Apr  4 20:09 file2.c
+  -rw-r--r-- (merge)    Sep 13  1996 file3.c
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+
+  Here @samp{file1.c} is modified with respect to the repository, and
+@samp{file2.c} is not.  @samp{file3.c} is modified, but other changes
+have also been checked in to the repository---you need to merge them
+with the work file before you can check it in.
+
+@vindex vc-stay-local
+@vindex vc-cvs-stay-local
+  In the above, if the repository were on a remote machine, VC would
+only contact it when the variable @code{vc-stay-local} (or
+@code{vc-cvs-stay-local}) is nil (@pxref{CVS Options}).  This is
+because access to the repository may be slow, or you may be working
+offline and not have access to the repository at all.  As a
+consequence, VC would not be able to tell you that @samp{file3.c} is
+in the ``merge'' state; you would learn that only when you try to
+check-in your modified copy of the file, or use a command such as
+@kbd{C-x v m}.
+
+  In practice, this is not a problem because CVS handles this case
+consistently whenever it arises.  In VC, you'll simply get prompted to
+merge the remote changes into your work file first.  The benefits of
+less network communication usually outweigh the disadvantage of not
+seeing remote changes immediately.
+
+@vindex vc-directory-exclusion-list
+  When VC Dired displays subdirectories (in the ``full'' display mode),
+it omits some that should never contain any files under version control.
+By default, this includes Version Control subdirectories such as
+@samp{RCS} and @samp{CVS}; you can customize this by setting the
+variable @code{vc-directory-exclusion-list}.
+
+  You can fine-tune VC Dired's format by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v d}---as in
+ordinary Dired, that allows you to specify additional switches for the
+@samp{ls} command.
+
+@node VC Dired Commands
+@section VC Dired Commands
+
+  All the usual Dired commands work normally in VC Dired mode, except
+for @kbd{v}, which is redefined as the version control prefix.  You can
+invoke VC commands such as @code{vc-diff} and @code{vc-print-log} by
+typing @kbd{v =}, or @kbd{v l}, and so on.  Most of these commands apply
+to the file name on the current line.
+
+  The command @kbd{v v} (@code{vc-next-action}) operates on all the
+marked files, so that you can lock or check in several files at once.
+If it operates on more than one file, it handles each file according to
+its current state; thus, it might lock one file, but check in another
+file.  This could be confusing; it is up to you to avoid confusing
+behavior by marking a set of files that are in a similar state.  If no
+files are marked, @kbd{v v} operates on the file in the current line.
+
+  If any files call for check-in, @kbd{v v} reads a single log entry,
+then uses it for all the files being checked in.  This is convenient for
+registering or checking in several files at once, as part of the same
+change.
+
+@findex vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode
+@findex vc-dired-mark-locked
+  You can toggle between terse display (only locked files, or files not
+up-to-date) and full display at any time by typing @kbd{v t}
+(@code{vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode}).  There is also a special command
+@kbd{* l} (@code{vc-dired-mark-locked}), which marks all files currently
+locked (or, with CVS, all files not up-to-date).  Thus, typing @kbd{* l
+t k} is another way to delete from the buffer all files except those
+currently locked.
+
+@node Remote Repositories
+@section Remote Repositories
+@cindex remote repositories (CVS)
+
+  A common way of using CVS is to set up a central CVS repository on
+some Internet host, then have each developer check out a personal
+working copy of the files on his local machine.  Committing changes to
+the repository, and picking up changes from other users into one's own
+working area, then works by direct interactions with the CVS server.
+
+  One difficulty is that access to the CVS server is often slow, and
+that developers might need to work off-line as well.  VC is designed
+to reduce the amount of network interaction necessary.
+
+@menu
+* Version Backups::        Keeping local copies of repository versions.
+* Local Version Control::  Using another version system for local editing.
+@end menu
+
+@node Version Backups
+@subsection Version Backups
+@cindex version backups
+
+@cindex automatic version backups
+  When VC sees that the CVS repository for a file is on a remote
+machine, it automatically makes local backups of unmodified versions
+of the file---@dfn{automatic version backups}.  This means that you
+can compare the file to the repository version (@kbd{C-x v =}), or
+revert to that version (@kbd{C-x v u}), without any network
+interactions.
+
+  The local copy of the unmodified file is called a @dfn{version
+backup} to indicate that it corresponds exactly to a version that is
+stored in the repository.  Note that version backups are not the same
+as ordinary Emacs backup files (@pxref{Backup,,,emacs, the Emacs
+Manual}).  But they follow a similar naming convention.
+
+  For a file that comes from a remote CVS repository, VC makes a
+version backup whenever you save the first changes to the file, and
+removes it after you have committed your modified version to the
+repository. You can disable the making of automatic version backups by
+setting @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil} (@pxref{CVS Options}).
+
+@cindex manual version backups
+  The name of the automatic version backup for version @var{version}
+of file @var{file} is @code{@var{file}.~@var{version}.~}.  This is
+almost the same as the name used by @kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old
+Versions,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), the only difference being
+the additional dot (@samp{.})  after the version number.  This
+similarity is intentional, because both kinds of files store the same
+kind of information.  The file made by @kbd{C-x v ~} acts as a
+@dfn{manual version backup}.
+
+  All the VC commands that operate on old versions of a file can use
+both kinds of version backups.  For instance, @kbd{C-x v ~} uses
+either an automatic or a manual version backup, if possible, to get
+the contents of the version you request.  Likewise, @kbd{C-x v =} and
+@kbd{C-x v u} use either an automatic or a manual version backup, if
+one of them exists, to get the contents of a version to compare or
+revert to.  If you changed a file outside of Emacs, so that no
+automatic version backup was created for the previous text, you can
+create a manual backup of that version using @kbd{C-x v ~}, and thus
+obtain the benefit of the local copy for Emacs commands.
+
+  The only difference in Emacs's handling of manual and automatic
+version backups, once they exist, is that Emacs deletes automatic
+version backups when you commit to the repository.  By contrast,
+manual version backups remain until you delete them.
+
+@node Local Version Control
+@subsection Local Version Control
+@cindex local version control
+@cindex local back end (version control)
+
+When you make many changes to a file that comes from a remote
+repository, it can be convenient to have version control on your local
+machine as well.  You can then record intermediate versions, revert to
+a previous state, etc., before you actually commit your changes to the
+remote server.
+
+VC lets you do this by putting a file under a second, local version
+control system, so that the file is effectively registered in two
+systems at the same time.  For the description here, we will assume
+that the remote system is CVS, and you use RCS locally, although the
+mechanism works with any combination of version control systems
+(@dfn{back ends}).
+
+To make it work with other back ends, you must make sure that the
+``more local'' back end comes before the ``more remote'' back end in
+the setting of @code{vc-handled-backends} (@pxref{Customizing VC}).  By
+default, this variable is set up so that you can use remote CVS and
+local RCS as described here.
+
+To start using local RCS for a file that comes from a remote CVS
+server, you must @emph{register the file in RCS}, by typing @kbd{C-u
+C-x v v rcs @key{RET}}.  (In other words, use @code{vc-next-action} with a
+prefix argument, and specify RCS as the back end.)
+
+You can do this at any time; it does not matter whether you have
+already modified the file with respect to the version in the CVS
+repository.  If possible, VC tries to make the RCS master start with
+the unmodified repository version, then checks in any local changes
+as a new version.  This works if you have not made any changes yet, or
+if the unmodified repository version exists locally as a version
+backup (@pxref{Version Backups}).  If the unmodified version is not
+available locally, the RCS master starts with the modified version;
+the only drawback to this is that you cannot compare your changes
+locally to what is stored in the repository.
+
+The version number of the RCS master is derived from the current CVS
+version, starting a branch from it.  For example, if the current CVS
+version is 1.23, the local RCS branch will be 1.23.1.  Version 1.23 in
+the RCS master will be identical to version 1.23 under CVS; your first
+changes are checked in as 1.23.1.1.  (If the unmodified file is not
+available locally, VC will check in the modified file twice, both as
+1.23 and 1.23.1.1, to make the revision numbers consistent.)
+
+If you do not use locking under CVS (the default), locking is also
+disabled for RCS, so that editing under RCS works exactly as under
+CVS.
+
+When you are done with local editing, you can commit the final version
+back to the CVS repository by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}.
+This initializes the log entry buffer (@pxref{Log Buffer,,,emacs, the
+Emacs Manual}) to contain all the log entries you have recorded in the
+RCS master; you can edit them as you wish, and then commit in CVS by
+typing @kbd{C-c C-c}.  If the commit is successful, VC removes the RCS
+master, so that the file is once again registered under CVS only.
+(The RCS master is not actually deleted, just renamed by appending
+@samp{~} to the name, so that you can refer to it later if you wish.)
+
+While using local RCS, you can pick up recent changes from the CVS
+repository into your local file, or commit some of your changes back
+to CVS, without terminating local RCS version control.  To do this,
+switch to the CVS back end temporarily, with the @kbd{C-x v b} command:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x v b
+Switch to another back end that the current file is registered
+under (@code{vc-switch-backend}).
+
+@item C-u C-x v b @var{backend} @key{RET}
+Switch to @var{backend} for the current file.
+@end table
+
+@kindex C-x v b
+@findex vc-switch-backend
+@kbd{C-x v b} does not change the buffer contents, or any files; it
+only changes VC's perspective on how to handle the file.  Any
+subsequent VC commands for that file will operate on the back end that
+is currently selected.
+
+If the current file is registered in more than one back end, typing
+@kbd{C-x v b} ``cycles'' through all of these back ends.  With a
+prefix argument, it asks for the back end to use in the minibuffer.
+
+Thus, if you are using local RCS, and you want to pick up some recent
+changes in the file from remote CVS, first visit the file, then type
+@kbd{C-x v b} to switch to CVS, and finally use @kbd{C-x v m
+@key{RET}} to merge the news (@pxref{Merging,,,emacs, the Emacs
+Manual}).  You can then switch back to RCS by typing @kbd{C-x v b}
+again, and continue to edit locally.
+
+But if you do this, the revision numbers in the RCS master no longer
+correspond to those of CVS.  Technically, this is not a problem, but
+it can become difficult to keep track of what is in the CVS repository
+and what is not.  So we suggest that you return from time to time to
+CVS-only operation, by committing your local changes back to the
+repository using @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}.
+
+@node Snapshots
+@section Snapshots
+@cindex snapshots and version control
+
+  A @dfn{snapshot} is a named set of file versions (one for each
+registered file) that you can treat as a unit.  One important kind of
+snapshot is a @dfn{release}, a (theoretically) stable version of the
+system that is ready for distribution to users.
+
+@menu
+* Making Snapshots::            The snapshot facilities.
+* Snapshot Caveats::            Things to be careful of when using snapshots.
+@end menu
+
+@node Making Snapshots
+@subsection Making and Using Snapshots
+
+  There are two basic commands for snapshots; one makes a
+snapshot with a given name, the other retrieves a named snapshot.
+
+@table @code
+@kindex C-x v s
+@findex vc-create-snapshot
+@item C-x v s @var{name} @key{RET}
+Define the last saved versions of every registered file in or under the
+current directory as a snapshot named @var{name}
+(@code{vc-create-snapshot}).
+
+@kindex C-x v r
+@findex vc-retrieve-snapshot
+@item C-x v r @var{name} @key{RET}
+For all registered files at or below the current directory level, select
+whatever versions correspond to the snapshot @var{name}
+(@code{vc-retrieve-snapshot}).
+
+This command reports an error if any files are locked at or below the
+current directory, without changing anything; this is to avoid
+overwriting work in progress.
+@end table
+
+  A snapshot uses a very small amount of resources---just enough to record
+the list of file names and which version belongs to the snapshot.  Thus,
+you need not hesitate to create snapshots whenever they are useful.
+
+  You can give a snapshot name as an argument to @kbd{C-x v =} or
+@kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old Versions,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}).
+Thus, you can use it to compare a snapshot against the current files,
+or two snapshots against each other, or a snapshot against a named
+version.
+
+@node Snapshot Caveats
+@subsection Snapshot Caveats
+
+@cindex named configurations (RCS)
+  VC's snapshot facilities are modeled on RCS's named-configuration
+support.  They use RCS's native facilities for this, so
+snapshots made using RCS through VC are visible even when you bypass VC.
+
+  With CVS, Meta-CVS, and Subversion, VC also uses the native
+mechanism provided by that back end to make snapshots and retrieve them
+(@dfn{tags} for CVS and Meta-CVS, @dfn{copies} for Subversion).
+
+@c worded verbosely to avoid overfull hbox.
+  For SCCS, VC implements snapshots itself.  The files it uses contain
+name/file/version-number triples.  These snapshots are visible only
+through VC.
+
+  There is no support for VC snapshots using GNU Arch yet.
+
+  A snapshot is a set of checked-in versions.  So make sure that all the
+files are checked in and not locked when you make a snapshot.
+
+  File renaming and deletion can create some difficulties with snapshots.
+This is not a VC-specific problem, but a general design issue in version
+control systems that no one has solved very well yet.
+
+  If you rename a registered file, you need to rename its master along
+with it (the command @code{vc-rename-file} does this automatically).  If
+you are using SCCS, you must also update the records of the snapshot, to
+mention the file by its new name (@code{vc-rename-file} does this,
+too).  An old snapshot that refers to a master file that no longer
+exists under the recorded name is invalid; VC can no longer retrieve
+it.  It would be beyond the scope of this manual to explain enough about
+RCS and SCCS to explain how to update the snapshots by hand.
+
+  Using @code{vc-rename-file} makes the snapshot remain valid for
+retrieval, but it does not solve all problems.  For example, some of the
+files in your program probably refer to others by name.  At the very
+least, the makefile probably mentions the file that you renamed.  If you
+retrieve an old snapshot, the renamed file is retrieved under its new
+name, which is not the name that the makefile expects.  So the program
+won't really work as retrieved.
+
+@node Miscellaneous VC
+@section Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC
+
+  This section explains the less-frequently-used features of VC.
+
+@menu
+* Change Logs and VC::  Generating a change log file from log entries.
+* Renaming and VC::     A command to rename both the source and master
+                          file correctly.
+* Version Headers::     Inserting version control headers into working files.
+@end menu
+
+@node Change Logs and VC
+@subsection Change Logs and VC
+
+  If you use RCS or CVS for a program and also maintain a change log
+file for it (@pxref{Change Log,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}), you
+can generate change log entries automatically from the version control
+log entries:
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x v a
+@kindex C-x v a
+@findex vc-update-change-log
+Visit the current directory's change log file and, for registered files
+in that directory, create new entries for versions checked in since the
+most recent entry in the change log file.
+(@code{vc-update-change-log}).
+
+This command works with RCS or CVS only, not with any of the other
+back ends.
+
+@item C-u C-x v a
+As above, but only find entries for the current buffer's file.
+
+@item M-1 C-x v a
+As above, but find entries for all the currently visited files that are
+maintained with version control.  This works only with RCS, and it puts
+all entries in the log for the default directory, which may not be
+appropriate.
+@end table
+
+  For example, suppose the first line of @file{ChangeLog} is dated
+1999-04-10, and that the only check-in since then was by Nathaniel
+Bowditch to @file{rcs2log} on 1999-05-22 with log text @samp{Ignore log
+messages that start with `#'.}.  Then @kbd{C-x v a} visits
+@file{ChangeLog} and inserts text like this:
+
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+@smallexample
+@group
+1999-05-22  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
+
+        * rcs2log: Ignore log messages that start with `#'.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+
+@noindent
+You can then edit the new change log entry further as you wish.
+
+  Some of the new change log entries may duplicate what's already in
+ChangeLog.  You will have to remove these duplicates by hand.
+
+  Normally, the log entry for file @file{foo} is displayed as @samp{*
+foo: @var{text of log entry}}.  The @samp{:} after @file{foo} is omitted
+if the text of the log entry starts with @w{@samp{(@var{functionname}):
+}}.  For example, if the log entry for @file{vc.el} is
+@samp{(vc-do-command): Check call-process status.}, then the text in
+@file{ChangeLog} looks like this:
+
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+@smallexample
+@group
+1999-05-06  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
+
+        * vc.el (vc-do-command): Check call-process status.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+
+  When @kbd{C-x v a} adds several change log entries at once, it groups
+related log entries together if they all are checked in by the same
+author at nearly the same time.  If the log entries for several such
+files all have the same text, it coalesces them into a single entry.
+For example, suppose the most recent check-ins have the following log
+entries:
+
+@flushleft
+@bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{Fix expansion typos.}
+@bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.}
+@bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.}
+@end flushleft
+
+@noindent
+They appear like this in @file{ChangeLog}:
+
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+@smallexample
+@group
+1999-04-01  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
+
+        * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos.
+
+        * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+
+  Normally, @kbd{C-x v a} separates log entries by a blank line, but you
+can mark several related log entries to be clumped together (without an
+intervening blank line) by starting the text of each related log entry
+with a label of the form @w{@samp{@{@var{clumpname}@} }}.  The label
+itself is not copied to @file{ChangeLog}.  For example, suppose the log
+entries are:
+
+@flushleft
+@bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{@{expand@} Fix expansion typos.}
+@bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.}
+@bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.}
+@end flushleft
+
+@noindent
+Then the text in @file{ChangeLog} looks like this:
+
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+@smallexample
+@group
+1999-04-01  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
+
+        * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos.
+        * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name.
+@end group
+@end smallexample
+@iftex
+@medbreak
+@end iftex
+
+  A log entry whose text begins with @samp{#} is not copied to
+@file{ChangeLog}.  For example, if you merely fix some misspellings in
+comments, you can log the change with an entry beginning with @samp{#}
+to avoid putting such trivia into @file{ChangeLog}.
+
+@node Renaming and VC
+@subsection Renaming VC Work Files and Master Files
+
+@findex vc-rename-file
+  When you rename a registered file, you must also rename its master
+file correspondingly to get proper results.  Use @code{vc-rename-file}
+to rename the source file as you specify, and rename its master file
+accordingly.  It also updates any snapshots (@pxref{Snapshots}) that
+mention the file, so that they use the new name; despite this, the
+snapshot thus modified may not completely work (@pxref{Snapshot
+Caveats}).
+
+  Some back ends do not provide an explicit rename operation to their
+repositories.  After issuing @code{vc-rename-file}, use @kbd{C-x v v}
+on the original and renamed buffers and provide the necessary edit
+log.
+
+  You cannot use @code{vc-rename-file} on a file that is locked by
+someone else.
+
+@node Version Headers
+@subsection Inserting Version Control Headers
+
+   Sometimes it is convenient to put version identification strings
+directly into working files.  Certain special strings called
+@dfn{version headers} are replaced in each successive version by the
+number of that version, the name of the user who created it, and other
+relevant information.  All of the back ends that VC supports have such
+a mechanism, except GNU Arch.
+
+  VC does not normally use the information contained in these headers.
+The exception is RCS---with RCS, version headers are sometimes more
+reliable than the master file to determine which version of the file
+you are editing.  Note that in a multi-branch environment, version
+headers are necessary to make VC behave correctly (@pxref{Multi-User
+Branching,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}).
+
+  Searching for RCS version headers is controlled by the variable
+@code{vc-consult-headers}.  If it is non-@code{nil} (the default),
+Emacs searches for headers to determine the version number you are
+editing.  Setting it to @code{nil} disables this feature.
+
+  Note that although CVS uses the same kind of version headers as RCS
+does, VC never searches for these headers if you are using CVS,
+regardless of the above setting.
+
+@kindex C-x v h
+@findex vc-insert-headers
+  You can use the @kbd{C-x v h} command (@code{vc-insert-headers}) to
+insert a suitable header string.
+
+@table @kbd
+@item C-x v h
+Insert headers in a file for use with your version-control system.
+@end table
+
+@vindex vc-@var{backend}-header
+  The default header string is @samp{@w{$}Id$} for RCS and
+@samp{@w{%}W%} for SCCS.  You can specify other headers to insert by
+setting the variables @code{vc-@var{backend}-header} where
+@var{backend} is @code{rcs} or @code{sccs}.
+
+  Instead of a single string, you can specify a list of strings; then
+each string in the list is inserted as a separate header on a line of
+its own.
+
+  It may be necessary to use apparently-superfluous backslashes when
+writing the strings that you put in this variable.  For instance, you
+might write @code{"$Id\$"} rather than @code{"$Id@w{$}"}.  The extra
+backslash prevents the string constant from being interpreted as a
+header, if the Emacs Lisp file containing it is maintained with
+version control.
+
+@vindex vc-comment-alist
+  Each header is inserted surrounded by tabs, inside comment delimiters,
+on a new line at point.  Normally the ordinary comment
+start and comment end strings of the current mode are used, but for
+certain modes, there are special comment delimiters for this purpose;
+the variable @code{vc-comment-alist} specifies them.  Each element of
+this list has the form @code{(@var{mode} @var{starter} @var{ender})}.
+
+@vindex vc-static-header-alist
+  The variable @code{vc-static-header-alist} specifies further strings
+to add based on the name of the buffer.  Its value should be a list of
+elements of the form @code{(@var{regexp} . @var{format})}.  Whenever
+@var{regexp} matches the buffer name, @var{format} is inserted as part
+of the header.  A header line is inserted for each element that matches
+the buffer name, and for each string specified by
+@code{vc-@var{backend}-header}.  The header line is made by processing the
+string from @code{vc-@var{backend}-header} with the format taken from the
+element.  The default value for @code{vc-static-header-alist} is as follows:
+
+@example
+@group
+(("\\.c$" .
+  "\n#ifndef lint\nstatic char vcid[] = \"\%s\";\n\
+#endif /* lint */\n"))
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+It specifies insertion of text of this form:
+
+@example
+@group
+
+#ifndef lint
+static char vcid[] = "@var{string}";
+#endif /* lint */
+@end group
+@end example
+
+@noindent
+Note that the text above starts with a blank line.
+
+  If you use more than one version header in a file, put them close
+together in the file.  The mechanism in @code{revert-buffer} that
+preserves markers may not handle markers positioned between two version
+headers.
+
+@node Customizing VC
+@section Customizing VC
+
+@vindex vc-handled-backends
+The variable @code{vc-handled-backends} determines which version
+control systems VC should handle.  The default value is @code{(RCS CVS
+SVN SCCS Arch MCVS)}, so it contains all six version systems that are
+currently supported.  If you want VC to ignore one or more of these
+systems, exclude its name from the list.  To disable VC entirely, set
+this variable to @code{nil}.
+
+The order of systems in the list is significant: when you visit a file
+registered in more than one system (@pxref{Local Version Control}), VC
+uses the system that comes first in @code{vc-handled-backends} by
+default.  The order is also significant when you register a file for
+the first time, @pxref{Registering,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual} for
+details.
+
+@menu
+* General VC Options::  Options that apply to multiple back ends.
+* RCS and SCCS::        Options for RCS and SCCS.
+* CVS Options::         Options for CVS.
+@end menu
+
+@node General VC Options
+@subsection General Options
+
+@vindex vc-make-backup-files
+  Emacs normally does not save backup files for source files that are
+maintained with version control.  If you want to make backup files even
+for files that use version control, set the variable
+@code{vc-make-backup-files} to a non-@code{nil} value.
+
+@vindex vc-keep-workfiles
+  Normally the work file exists all the time, whether it is locked or
+not.  If you set @code{vc-keep-workfiles} to @code{nil}, then checking
+in a new version with @kbd{C-x v v} deletes the work file; but any
+attempt to visit the file with Emacs creates it again.  (With CVS, work
+files are always kept.)
+
+@vindex vc-follow-symlinks
+  Editing a version-controlled file through a symbolic link can be
+dangerous.  It bypasses the version control system---you can edit the
+file without locking it, and fail to check your changes in.  Also,
+your changes might overwrite those of another user.  To protect against
+this, VC checks each symbolic link that you visit, to see if it points
+to a file under version control.
+
+  The variable @code{vc-follow-symlinks} controls what to do when a
+symbolic link points to a version-controlled file.  If it is @code{nil},
+VC only displays a warning message.  If it is @code{t}, VC automatically
+follows the link, and visits the real file instead, telling you about
+this in the echo area.  If the value is @code{ask} (the default), VC
+asks you each time whether to follow the link.
+
+@vindex vc-suppress-confirm
+  If @code{vc-suppress-confirm} is non-@code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x v v}
+and @kbd{C-x v i} can save the current buffer without asking, and
+@kbd{C-x v u} also operates without asking for confirmation.  (This
+variable does not affect @kbd{C-x v c}; that operation is so drastic
+that it should always ask for confirmation.)
+
+@vindex vc-command-messages
+  VC mode does much of its work by running the shell commands for RCS,
+CVS and SCCS.  If @code{vc-command-messages} is non-@code{nil}, VC
+displays messages to indicate which shell commands it runs, and
+additional messages when the commands finish.
+
+@vindex vc-path
+  You can specify additional directories to search for version control
+programs by setting the variable @code{vc-path}.  These directories
+are searched before the usual search path.  It is rarely necessary to
+set this variable, because VC normally finds the proper files
+automatically.
+
+@node RCS and SCCS
+@subsection Options for RCS and SCCS
+
+@cindex non-strict locking (RCS)
+@cindex locking, non-strict (RCS)
+  By default, RCS uses locking to coordinate the activities of several
+users, but there is a mode called @dfn{non-strict locking} in which
+you can check-in changes without locking the file first.  Use
+@samp{rcs -U} to switch to non-strict locking for a particular file,
+see the @code{rcs} manual page for details.
+
+  When deducing the version control state of an RCS file, VC first
+looks for an RCS version header string in the file (@pxref{Version
+Headers}).  If there is no header string, VC normally looks at the
+file permissions of the work file; this is fast.  But there might be
+situations when the file permissions cannot be trusted.  In this case
+the master file has to be consulted, which is rather expensive.  Also
+the master file can only tell you @emph{if} there's any lock on the
+file, but not whether your work file really contains that locked
+version.
+
+@vindex vc-consult-headers
+  You can tell VC not to use version headers to determine the file
+status by setting @code{vc-consult-headers} to @code{nil}.  VC then
+always uses the file permissions (if it is supposed to trust them), or
+else checks the master file.
+
+@vindex vc-mistrust-permissions
+  You can specify the criterion for whether to trust the file
+permissions by setting the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions}.
+Its value can be @code{t} (always mistrust the file permissions and
+check the master file), @code{nil} (always trust the file
+permissions), or a function of one argument which makes the decision.
+The argument is the directory name of the @file{RCS} subdirectory.  A
+non-@code{nil} value from the function says to mistrust the file
+permissions.  If you find that the file permissions of work files are
+changed erroneously, set @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} to @code{t}.
+Then VC always checks the master file to determine the file's status.
+
+  VC determines the version control state of files under SCCS much as
+with RCS.  It does not consider SCCS version headers, though.  Thus,
+the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} affects SCCS use, but
+@code{vc-consult-headers} does not.
+
+@node CVS Options
+@subsection Options specific for CVS
+
+@cindex locking (CVS)
+  By default, CVS does not use locking to coordinate the activities of
+several users; anyone can change a work file at any time.  However,
+there are ways to restrict this, resulting in behavior that resembles
+locking.
+
+@cindex CVSREAD environment variable (CVS)
+  For one thing, you can set the @env{CVSREAD} environment variable
+(the value you use makes no difference).  If this variable is defined,
+CVS makes your work files read-only by default.  In Emacs, you must
+type @kbd{C-x v v} to make the file writable, so that editing works
+in fact similar as if locking was used.  Note however, that no actual
+locking is performed, so several users can make their files writable
+at the same time.  When setting @env{CVSREAD} for the first time, make
+sure to check out all your modules anew, so that the file protections
+are set correctly.
+
+@cindex cvs watch feature
+@cindex watching files (CVS)
+  Another way to achieve something similar to locking is to use the
+@dfn{watch} feature of CVS.  If a file is being watched, CVS makes it
+read-only by default, and you must also use @kbd{C-x v v} in Emacs to
+make it writable.  VC calls @code{cvs edit} to make the file writable,
+and CVS takes care to notify other developers of the fact that you
+intend to change the file.  See the CVS documentation for details on
+using the watch feature.
+
+@vindex vc-stay-local
+@vindex vc-cvs-stay-local
+@cindex remote repositories (CVS)
+  When a file's repository is on a remote machine, VC tries to keep
+network interactions to a minimum.  This is controlled by the variable
+@code{vc-cvs-stay-local}.  There is another variable,
+@code{vc-stay-local}, which enables the feature also for other back
+ends that support it, including CVS.  In the following, we will talk
+only about @code{vc-cvs-stay-local}, but everything applies to
+@code{vc-stay-local} as well.
+
+If @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t} (the default), then VC uses
+only the entry in the local CVS subdirectory to determine the file's
+state (and possibly information returned by previous CVS commands).
+One consequence of this is that when you have modified a file, and
+somebody else has already checked in other changes to the file, you
+are not notified of it until you actually try to commit.  (But you can
+try to pick up any recent changes from the repository first, using
+@kbd{C-x v m @key{RET}}, @pxref{Merging,,,emacs, the Emacs Manual}).
+
+  When @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t}, VC also makes local
+version backups, so that simple diff and revert operations are
+completely local (@pxref{Version Backups}).
+
+  On the other hand, if you set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil},
+then VC queries the remote repository @emph{before} it decides what to
+do in @code{vc-next-action} (@kbd{C-x v v}), just as it does for local
+repositories.  It also does not make any version backups.
+
+  You can also set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to a regular expression
+that is matched against the repository host name; VC then stays local
+only for repositories from hosts that match the pattern.
+
+@vindex vc-cvs-global-switches
+  You can specify additional command line options to pass to all CVS
+operations in the variable @code{vc-cvs-global-switches}.  These
+switches are inserted immediately after the @code{cvs} command, before
+the name of the operation to invoke.
+
+
 @node Fortran
 @chapter Fortran Mode
 @cindex Fortran mode
diff --git a/man/emacs.texi b/man/emacs.texi
index 0dc04945e9f..c926961891f 100644
--- a/man/emacs.texi
+++ b/man/emacs.texi
@@ -399,10 +399,6 @@ Version Control
 * Old Versions::        Examining and comparing old versions.
 * Secondary VC Commands:: The commands used a little less frequently.
 * Branches::            Multiple lines of development.
-* Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
-* Snapshots::           Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
-* Miscellaneous VC::    Various other commands and features of VC.
-* Customizing VC::      Variables that change VC's behavior.
 
 Using Multiple Buffers
 
diff --git a/man/files.texi b/man/files.texi
index 4847f0d1355..ab3fe7bb583 100644
--- a/man/files.texi
+++ b/man/files.texi
@@ -517,7 +517,8 @@ value is @code{t}, so that Emacs does write backup files.
 Control}), the variable @code{vc-make-backup-files} determines whether
 to make backup files.  By default it is @code{nil}, since backup files
 are redundant when you store all the previous versions in a version
-control system.  @xref{General VC Options}.
+control system.  @xref{General VC Options,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized
+Emacs Features}.
 
   At your option, Emacs can keep either a single backup for each file,
 or make a series of numbered backup files for each file that you edit.
@@ -1200,7 +1201,7 @@ RCS or CVS, you can switch to CSSC.
 
   VC is enabled by default in Emacs.  To disable it, set the
 customizable variable @code{vc-handled-backends} to @code{nil}
-(@pxref{Customizing VC}).
+(@pxref{Customizing VC,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).
 
 @menu
 * Introduction to VC::  How version control works in general.
@@ -1209,10 +1210,6 @@ customizable variable @code{vc-handled-backends} to @code{nil}
 * Old Versions::        Examining and comparing old versions.
 * Secondary VC Commands::    The commands used a little less frequently.
 * Branches::            Multiple lines of development.
-* Remote Repositories:: Efficient access to remote CVS servers.
-* Snapshots::           Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
-* Miscellaneous VC::    Various other commands and features of VC.
-* Customizing VC::      Variables that change VC's behavior.
 @end menu
 
 @node Introduction to VC
@@ -1350,7 +1347,7 @@ permitted; check-in is still the way to record a new version.
   CVS normally allows each user to modify his own copy of the work file
 at any time, but requires merging with changes from other users at
 check-in time.  However, CVS can also be set up to require locking.
-(@pxref{CVS Options}).
+(@pxref{CVS Options,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).
 
 @node Types of Log File
 @subsubsection Types of Log File
@@ -1382,7 +1379,8 @@ for each change just once, then put it into both logs.  You can write
 the entry in @file{ChangeLog}, then copy it to the log buffer when you
 check in the change.  Or you can write the entry in the log buffer
 while checking in the change, and later use the @kbd{C-x v a} command
-to copy it to @file{ChangeLog} (@pxref{Change Logs and VC}).
+to copy it to @file{ChangeLog} (@pxref{Change Logs and
+VC,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).
 
 @node VC Mode Line
 @subsection Version Control and the Mode Line
@@ -1547,7 +1545,7 @@ the repository.
 Instead of the version number, you can also specify the name of a
 version control system.  This is useful when one file is being managed
 with two version control systems at the same time (@pxref{Local
-Version Control}).
+Version Control,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).
 @end itemize
 
 @node Log Buffer
@@ -1569,14 +1567,16 @@ control, you can generate the Log Edit text from the ChangeLog using
 entries for the file(s) concerned in the top entry in the ChangeLog
 and uses those paragraphs as the log text.  This text is only inserted
 if the top entry was made under your user name on the current date.
-@xref{Change Logs and VC}, for the opposite way of
-working---generating ChangeLog entries from the revision control log.
+@xref{Change Logs and VC,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features},
+for the opposite way of working---generating ChangeLog entries from
+the revision control log.
 
-  In the @samp{*VC-Log*} buffer, @kbd{C-c C-f} (@kbd{M-x log-edit-show-files})
-shows the list of files to be committed in case you need to check
-that.  (This can be a list of more than one file if you use VC Dired
-mode or PCL-CVS.  @xref{VC Dired Mode}, and @ref{Top, , About PCL-CVS,
-pcl-cvs, PCL-CVS --- The Emacs Front-End to CVS}.)
+  In the @samp{*VC-Log*} buffer, @kbd{C-c C-f} (@kbd{M-x
+log-edit-show-files}) shows the list of files to be committed in case
+you need to check that.  (This can be a list of more than one file if
+you use VC Dired mode or PCL-CVS.  @xref{VC Dired Mode,,,emacs-xtra,
+Specialized Emacs Features}, and @ref{Top, , About PCL-CVS, pcl-cvs,
+PCL-CVS --- The Emacs Front-End to CVS}.)
 
   When you have finished editing the log message, type @kbd{C-c C-c} to
 exit the buffer and commit the change.
@@ -1644,7 +1644,7 @@ Both forms display the output in a special buffer in another window.
   You can specify a checked-in version by its number; an empty input
 specifies the current contents of the work file (which may be different
 from all the checked-in versions).  You can also specify a snapshot name
-(@pxref{Snapshots}) instead of one or both version numbers.
+(@pxref{Snapshots,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}) instead of one or both version numbers.
 
   If you supply a directory name instead of the name of a registered
 file, this command compares the two specified versions of all registered
@@ -1733,8 +1733,6 @@ use once a day.
 * Registering::         Putting a file under version control.
 * VC Status::           Viewing the VC status of files.
 * VC Undo::             Canceling changes before or after check-in.
-* VC Dired Mode::       Listing files managed by version control.
-* VC Dired Commands::   Commands to use in a VC Dired buffer.
 @end menu
 
 @node Registering
@@ -1753,14 +1751,15 @@ Register the visited file for version control.
   To register the file, Emacs must choose which version control system
 to use for it.  If the file's directory already contains files
 registered in a version control system, Emacs uses that system.  If
-there is more than one system in use for a directory, Emacs uses the one
-that appears first in @code{vc-handled-backends} (@pxref{Customizing VC}).
-On the other hand, if there are no files already registered,
-Emacs uses the first system from @code{vc-handled-backends} that could
-register the file (for example, you cannot register a file under CVS if
-its directory is not already part of a CVS tree); with the default
-value of @code{vc-handled-backends}, this means that Emacs uses RCS in
-this situation.
+there is more than one system in use for a directory, Emacs uses the
+one that appears first in @code{vc-handled-backends}
+(@pxref{Customizing VC,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).  On
+the other hand, if there are no files already registered, Emacs uses
+the first system from @code{vc-handled-backends} that could register
+the file (for example, you cannot register a file under CVS if its
+directory is not already part of a CVS tree); with the default value
+of @code{vc-handled-backends}, this means that Emacs uses RCS in this
+situation.
 
   If locking is in use, @kbd{C-x v i} leaves the file unlocked and
 read-only.  Type @kbd{C-x v v} if you wish to start editing it.  After
@@ -1815,14 +1814,16 @@ count.
 
 @item P
 Move to the log of the previous file, when the logs of multiple files
-are in the log buffer (@pxref{VC Dired Mode}).  Otherwise, just move
-to the beginning of the log.  A numeric prefix argument is a repeat
-count, so @kbd{C-u 10 P} would move backward 10 files.
+are in the log buffer (@pxref{VC Dired Mode,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized
+Emacs Features}).  Otherwise, just move to the beginning of the log.  A
+numeric prefix argument is a repeat count, so @kbd{C-u 10 P} would
+move backward 10 files.
 
 @item N
 Move to the log of the next file, when the logs of multiple files are
-in the log buffer (@pxref{VC Dired Mode}).  It also takes a numeric
-prefix argument as a repeat count.
+in the log buffer (@pxref{VC Dired Mode,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized
+Emacs Features}).  It also takes a numeric prefix argument as a repeat
+count.
 
 @item f
 Visit the revision indicated at the current line, like typing @kbd{C-x
@@ -1876,10 +1877,11 @@ change and then discover a trivial error in it; you can cancel the
 erroneous check-in, fix the error, and check the file in again.
 
   When @kbd{C-x v c} does not revert the buffer, it unexpands all
-version control headers in the buffer instead (@pxref{Version Headers}).
-This is because the buffer no longer corresponds to any existing
-version.  If you check it in again, the check-in process will expand the
-headers properly for the new version number.
+version control headers in the buffer instead (@pxref{Version
+Headers,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).  This is because
+the buffer no longer corresponds to any existing version.  If you
+check it in again, the check-in process will expand the headers
+properly for the new version number.
 
   However, it is impossible to unexpand the RCS @samp{@w{$}Log$} header
 automatically.  If you use that header feature, you have to unexpand it
@@ -1891,142 +1893,6 @@ confirmation with @kbd{yes}.  Note also that this command is disabled
 under CVS, because canceling versions is very dangerous and discouraged
 with CVS.
 
-@node VC Dired Mode
-@subsubsection Dired under VC
-
-@cindex PCL-CVS
-@pindex cvs
-@cindex CVS Dired Mode
-  The VC Dired Mode described here works with all the version control
-systems that VC supports.  Another more powerful facility, designed
-specifically for CVS, is called PCL-CVS.  @xref{Top, , About PCL-CVS,
-pcl-cvs, PCL-CVS --- The Emacs Front-End to CVS}.
-
-@kindex C-x v d
-@findex vc-directory
-  When you are working on a large program, it is often useful to find
-out which files have changed within an entire directory tree, or to view
-the status of all files under version control at once, and to perform
-version control operations on collections of files.  You can use the
-command @kbd{C-x v d} (@code{vc-directory}) to make a directory listing
-that includes only files relevant for version control.
-
-@vindex vc-dired-terse-display
-  @kbd{C-x v d} creates a buffer which uses VC Dired Mode.  This looks
-much like an ordinary Dired buffer (@pxref{Dired}); however, normally it
-shows only the noteworthy files (those locked or not up-to-date).  This
-is called @dfn{terse display}.  If you set the variable
-@code{vc-dired-terse-display} to @code{nil}, then VC Dired shows all
-relevant files---those managed under version control, plus all
-subdirectories (@dfn{full display}).  The command @kbd{v t} in a VC
-Dired buffer toggles between terse display and full display (@pxref{VC
-Dired Commands}).
-
-@vindex vc-dired-recurse
-  By default, VC Dired produces a recursive listing of noteworthy or
-relevant files at or below the given directory.  You can change this by
-setting the variable @code{vc-dired-recurse} to @code{nil}; then VC
-Dired shows only the files in the given directory.
-
-  The line for an individual file shows the version control state in the
-place of the hard link count, owner, group, and size of the file.  If
-the file is unmodified, in sync with the master file, the version
-control state shown is blank.  Otherwise it consists of text in
-parentheses.  Under RCS and SCCS, the name of the user locking the file
-is shown; under CVS, an abbreviated version of the @samp{cvs status}
-output is used.  Here is an example using RCS:
-
-@smallexample
-@group
-  /home/jim/project:
-
-  -rw-r--r-- (jim)      Apr  2 23:39 file1
-  -r--r--r--            Apr  5 20:21 file2
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-@noindent
-The files @samp{file1} and @samp{file2} are under version control,
-@samp{file1} is locked by user jim, and @samp{file2} is unlocked.
-
-  Here is an example using CVS:
-
-@smallexample
-@group
-  /home/joe/develop:
-
-  -rw-r--r-- (modified) Aug  2  1997 file1.c
-  -rw-r--r--            Apr  4 20:09 file2.c
-  -rw-r--r-- (merge)    Sep 13  1996 file3.c
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-
-  Here @samp{file1.c} is modified with respect to the repository, and
-@samp{file2.c} is not.  @samp{file3.c} is modified, but other changes
-have also been checked in to the repository---you need to merge them
-with the work file before you can check it in.
-
-@vindex vc-stay-local
-@vindex vc-cvs-stay-local
-  In the above, if the repository were on a remote machine, VC would
-only contact it when the variable @code{vc-stay-local} (or
-@code{vc-cvs-stay-local}) is nil (@pxref{CVS Options}).  This is
-because access to the repository may be slow, or you may be working
-offline and not have access to the repository at all.  As a
-consequence, VC would not be able to tell you that @samp{file3.c} is
-in the ``merge'' state; you would learn that only when you try to
-check-in your modified copy of the file, or use a command such as
-@kbd{C-x v m}.
-
-  In practice, this is not a problem because CVS handles this case
-consistently whenever it arises.  In VC, you'll simply get prompted to
-merge the remote changes into your work file first.  The benefits of
-less network communication usually outweigh the disadvantage of not
-seeing remote changes immediately.
-
-@vindex vc-directory-exclusion-list
-  When VC Dired displays subdirectories (in the ``full'' display mode),
-it omits some that should never contain any files under version control.
-By default, this includes Version Control subdirectories such as
-@samp{RCS} and @samp{CVS}; you can customize this by setting the
-variable @code{vc-directory-exclusion-list}.
-
-  You can fine-tune VC Dired's format by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v d}---as in
-ordinary Dired, that allows you to specify additional switches for the
-@samp{ls} command.
-
-@node VC Dired Commands
-@subsubsection VC Dired Commands
-
-  All the usual Dired commands work normally in VC Dired mode, except
-for @kbd{v}, which is redefined as the version control prefix.  You can
-invoke VC commands such as @code{vc-diff} and @code{vc-print-log} by
-typing @kbd{v =}, or @kbd{v l}, and so on.  Most of these commands apply
-to the file name on the current line.
-
-  The command @kbd{v v} (@code{vc-next-action}) operates on all the
-marked files, so that you can lock or check in several files at once.
-If it operates on more than one file, it handles each file according to
-its current state; thus, it might lock one file, but check in another
-file.  This could be confusing; it is up to you to avoid confusing
-behavior by marking a set of files that are in a similar state.  If no
-files are marked, @kbd{v v} operates on the file in the current line.
-
-  If any files call for check-in, @kbd{v v} reads a single log entry,
-then uses it for all the files being checked in.  This is convenient for
-registering or checking in several files at once, as part of the same
-change.
-
-@findex vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode
-@findex vc-dired-mark-locked
-  You can toggle between terse display (only locked files, or files not
-up-to-date) and full display at any time by typing @kbd{v t}
-(@code{vc-dired-toggle-terse-mode}).  There is also a special command
-@kbd{* l} (@code{vc-dired-mark-locked}), which marks all files currently
-locked (or, with CVS, all files not up-to-date).  Thus, typing @kbd{* l
-t k} is another way to delete from the buffer all files except those
-currently locked.
-
 @node Branches
 @subsection Multiple Branches of a File
 @cindex branch (version control)
@@ -2205,9 +2071,10 @@ own choice of selected versions, but all share the same common RCS
 records.
 
   This technique works reliably and automatically, provided that the
-source files contain RCS version headers (@pxref{Version Headers}).  The
-headers enable Emacs to be sure, at all times, which version number is
-present in the work file.
+source files contain RCS version headers (@pxref{Version
+Headers,,,emacs-xtra, Specialized Emacs Features}).  The headers enable
+Emacs to be sure, at all times, which version number is present in the
+work file.
 
   If the files do not have version headers, you must instead tell Emacs
 explicitly in each session which branch you are working on.  To do this,
@@ -2215,730 +2082,6 @@ first find the file, then type @kbd{C-u C-x v v} and specify the correct
 branch number.  This ensures that Emacs knows which branch it is using
 during this particular editing session.
 
-@node Remote Repositories
-@subsection Remote Repositories
-@cindex remote repositories (CVS)
-
-  A common way of using CVS is to set up a central CVS repository on
-some Internet host, then have each developer check out a personal
-working copy of the files on his local machine.  Committing changes to
-the repository, and picking up changes from other users into one's own
-working area, then works by direct interactions with the CVS server.
-
-  One difficulty is that access to the CVS server is often slow, and
-that developers might need to work off-line as well.  VC is designed
-to reduce the amount of network interaction necessary.
-
-@menu
-* Version Backups::        Keeping local copies of repository versions.
-* Local Version Control::  Using another version system for local editing.
-@end menu
-
-@node Version Backups
-@subsubsection Version Backups
-@cindex version backups
-
-@cindex automatic version backups
-  When VC sees that the CVS repository for a file is on a remote
-machine, it automatically makes local backups of unmodified versions
-of the file---@dfn{automatic version backups}.  This means that you
-can compare the file to the repository version (@kbd{C-x v =}), or
-revert to that version (@kbd{C-x v u}), without any network
-interactions.
-
-  The local copy of the unmodified file is called a @dfn{version
-backup} to indicate that it corresponds exactly to a version that is
-stored in the repository.  Note that version backups are not the same
-as ordinary Emacs backup files (@pxref{Backup}).  But they follow a
-similar naming convention.
-
-  For a file that comes from a remote CVS repository, VC makes a
-version backup whenever you save the first changes to the file, and
-removes it after you have committed your modified version to the
-repository. You can disable the making of automatic version backups by
-setting @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil} (@pxref{CVS Options}).
-
-@cindex manual version backups
-  The name of the automatic version backup for version @var{version}
-of file @var{file} is @code{@var{file}.~@var{version}.~}.  This is
-almost the same as the name used by @kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old
-Versions}), the only difference being the additional dot (@samp{.})
-after the version number.  This similarity is intentional, because
-both kinds of files store the same kind of information.  The file made
-by @kbd{C-x v ~} acts as a @dfn{manual version backup}.
-
-  All the VC commands that operate on old versions of a file can use
-both kinds of version backups.  For instance, @kbd{C-x v ~} uses
-either an automatic or a manual version backup, if possible, to get
-the contents of the version you request.  Likewise, @kbd{C-x v =} and
-@kbd{C-x v u} use either an automatic or a manual version backup, if
-one of them exists, to get the contents of a version to compare or
-revert to.  If you changed a file outside of Emacs, so that no
-automatic version backup was created for the previous text, you can
-create a manual backup of that version using @kbd{C-x v ~}, and thus
-obtain the benefit of the local copy for Emacs commands.
-
-  The only difference in Emacs's handling of manual and automatic
-version backups, once they exist, is that Emacs deletes automatic
-version backups when you commit to the repository.  By contrast,
-manual version backups remain until you delete them.
-
-@node Local Version Control
-@subsubsection Local Version Control
-@cindex local version control
-@cindex local back end (version control)
-
-When you make many changes to a file that comes from a remote
-repository, it can be convenient to have version control on your local
-machine as well.  You can then record intermediate versions, revert to
-a previous state, etc., before you actually commit your changes to the
-remote server.
-
-VC lets you do this by putting a file under a second, local version
-control system, so that the file is effectively registered in two
-systems at the same time.  For the description here, we will assume
-that the remote system is CVS, and you use RCS locally, although the
-mechanism works with any combination of version control systems
-(@dfn{back ends}).
-
-To make it work with other back ends, you must make sure that the
-``more local'' back end comes before the ``more remote'' back end in
-the setting of @code{vc-handled-backends} (@pxref{Customizing VC}).  By
-default, this variable is set up so that you can use remote CVS and
-local RCS as described here.
-
-To start using local RCS for a file that comes from a remote CVS
-server, you must @emph{register the file in RCS}, by typing @kbd{C-u
-C-x v v rcs @key{RET}}.  (In other words, use @code{vc-next-action} with a
-prefix argument, and specify RCS as the back end.)
-
-You can do this at any time; it does not matter whether you have
-already modified the file with respect to the version in the CVS
-repository.  If possible, VC tries to make the RCS master start with
-the unmodified repository version, then checks in any local changes
-as a new version.  This works if you have not made any changes yet, or
-if the unmodified repository version exists locally as a version
-backup (@pxref{Version Backups}).  If the unmodified version is not
-available locally, the RCS master starts with the modified version;
-the only drawback to this is that you cannot compare your changes
-locally to what is stored in the repository.
-
-The version number of the RCS master is derived from the current CVS
-version, starting a branch from it.  For example, if the current CVS
-version is 1.23, the local RCS branch will be 1.23.1.  Version 1.23 in
-the RCS master will be identical to version 1.23 under CVS; your first
-changes are checked in as 1.23.1.1.  (If the unmodified file is not
-available locally, VC will check in the modified file twice, both as
-1.23 and 1.23.1.1, to make the revision numbers consistent.)
-
-If you do not use locking under CVS (the default), locking is also
-disabled for RCS, so that editing under RCS works exactly as under
-CVS.
-
-When you are done with local editing, you can commit the final version
-back to the CVS repository by typing @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}.
-This initializes the log entry buffer (@pxref{Log Buffer}) to contain
-all the log entries you have recorded in the RCS master; you can edit
-them as you wish, and then commit in CVS by typing @kbd{C-c C-c}.  If
-the commit is successful, VC removes the RCS master, so that the file
-is once again registered under CVS only.  (The RCS master is not
-actually deleted, just renamed by appending @samp{~} to the name, so
-that you can refer to it later if you wish.)
-
-While using local RCS, you can pick up recent changes from the CVS
-repository into your local file, or commit some of your changes back
-to CVS, without terminating local RCS version control.  To do this,
-switch to the CVS back end temporarily, with the @kbd{C-x v b} command:
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x v b
-Switch to another back end that the current file is registered
-under (@code{vc-switch-backend}).
-
-@item C-u C-x v b @var{backend} @key{RET}
-Switch to @var{backend} for the current file.
-@end table
-
-@kindex C-x v b
-@findex vc-switch-backend
-@kbd{C-x v b} does not change the buffer contents, or any files; it
-only changes VC's perspective on how to handle the file.  Any
-subsequent VC commands for that file will operate on the back end that
-is currently selected.
-
-If the current file is registered in more than one back end, typing
-@kbd{C-x v b} ``cycles'' through all of these back ends.  With a
-prefix argument, it asks for the back end to use in the minibuffer.
-
-Thus, if you are using local RCS, and you want to pick up some recent
-changes in the file from remote CVS, first visit the file, then type
-@kbd{C-x v b} to switch to CVS, and finally use @kbd{C-x v m
-@key{RET}} to merge the news (@pxref{Merging}).  You can then switch
-back to RCS by typing @kbd{C-x v b} again, and continue to edit
-locally.
-
-But if you do this, the revision numbers in the RCS master no longer
-correspond to those of CVS.  Technically, this is not a problem, but
-it can become difficult to keep track of what is in the CVS repository
-and what is not.  So we suggest that you return from time to time to
-CVS-only operation, by committing your local changes back to the
-repository using @kbd{C-u C-x v v cvs @key{RET}}.
-
-@node Snapshots
-@subsection Snapshots
-@cindex snapshots and version control
-
-  A @dfn{snapshot} is a named set of file versions (one for each
-registered file) that you can treat as a unit.  One important kind of
-snapshot is a @dfn{release}, a (theoretically) stable version of the
-system that is ready for distribution to users.
-
-@menu
-* Making Snapshots::            The snapshot facilities.
-* Snapshot Caveats::            Things to be careful of when using snapshots.
-@end menu
-
-@node Making Snapshots
-@subsubsection Making and Using Snapshots
-
-  There are two basic commands for snapshots; one makes a
-snapshot with a given name, the other retrieves a named snapshot.
-
-@table @code
-@kindex C-x v s
-@findex vc-create-snapshot
-@item C-x v s @var{name} @key{RET}
-Define the last saved versions of every registered file in or under the
-current directory as a snapshot named @var{name}
-(@code{vc-create-snapshot}).
-
-@kindex C-x v r
-@findex vc-retrieve-snapshot
-@item C-x v r @var{name} @key{RET}
-For all registered files at or below the current directory level, select
-whatever versions correspond to the snapshot @var{name}
-(@code{vc-retrieve-snapshot}).
-
-This command reports an error if any files are locked at or below the
-current directory, without changing anything; this is to avoid
-overwriting work in progress.
-@end table
-
-  A snapshot uses a very small amount of resources---just enough to record
-the list of file names and which version belongs to the snapshot.  Thus,
-you need not hesitate to create snapshots whenever they are useful.
-
-  You can give a snapshot name as an argument to @kbd{C-x v =} or
-@kbd{C-x v ~} (@pxref{Old Versions}).  Thus, you can use it to compare a
-snapshot against the current files, or two snapshots against each other,
-or a snapshot against a named version.
-
-@node Snapshot Caveats
-@subsubsection Snapshot Caveats
-
-@cindex named configurations (RCS)
-  VC's snapshot facilities are modeled on RCS's named-configuration
-support.  They use RCS's native facilities for this, so
-snapshots made using RCS through VC are visible even when you bypass VC.
-
-  With CVS, Meta-CVS, and Subversion, VC also uses the native
-mechanism provided by that back end to make snapshots and retrieve them
-(@dfn{tags} for CVS and Meta-CVS, @dfn{copies} for Subversion).
-
-@c worded verbosely to avoid overfull hbox.
-  For SCCS, VC implements snapshots itself.  The files it uses contain
-name/file/version-number triples.  These snapshots are visible only
-through VC.
-
-  There is no support for VC snapshots using GNU Arch yet.
-
-  A snapshot is a set of checked-in versions.  So make sure that all the
-files are checked in and not locked when you make a snapshot.
-
-  File renaming and deletion can create some difficulties with snapshots.
-This is not a VC-specific problem, but a general design issue in version
-control systems that no one has solved very well yet.
-
-  If you rename a registered file, you need to rename its master along
-with it (the command @code{vc-rename-file} does this automatically).  If
-you are using SCCS, you must also update the records of the snapshot, to
-mention the file by its new name (@code{vc-rename-file} does this,
-too).  An old snapshot that refers to a master file that no longer
-exists under the recorded name is invalid; VC can no longer retrieve
-it.  It would be beyond the scope of this manual to explain enough about
-RCS and SCCS to explain how to update the snapshots by hand.
-
-  Using @code{vc-rename-file} makes the snapshot remain valid for
-retrieval, but it does not solve all problems.  For example, some of the
-files in your program probably refer to others by name.  At the very
-least, the makefile probably mentions the file that you renamed.  If you
-retrieve an old snapshot, the renamed file is retrieved under its new
-name, which is not the name that the makefile expects.  So the program
-won't really work as retrieved.
-
-@node Miscellaneous VC
-@subsection Miscellaneous Commands and Features of VC
-
-  This section explains the less-frequently-used features of VC.
-
-@menu
-* Change Logs and VC::  Generating a change log file from log entries.
-* Renaming and VC::     A command to rename both the source and master
-                          file correctly.
-* Version Headers::     Inserting version control headers into working files.
-@end menu
-
-@node Change Logs and VC
-@subsubsection Change Logs and VC
-
-  If you use RCS or CVS for a program and also maintain a change log
-file for it (@pxref{Change Log}), you can generate change log entries
-automatically from the version control log entries:
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x v a
-@kindex C-x v a
-@findex vc-update-change-log
-Visit the current directory's change log file and, for registered files
-in that directory, create new entries for versions checked in since the
-most recent entry in the change log file.
-(@code{vc-update-change-log}).
-
-This command works with RCS or CVS only, not with any of the other
-back ends.
-
-@item C-u C-x v a
-As above, but only find entries for the current buffer's file.
-
-@item M-1 C-x v a
-As above, but find entries for all the currently visited files that are
-maintained with version control.  This works only with RCS, and it puts
-all entries in the log for the default directory, which may not be
-appropriate.
-@end table
-
-  For example, suppose the first line of @file{ChangeLog} is dated
-1999-04-10, and that the only check-in since then was by Nathaniel
-Bowditch to @file{rcs2log} on 1999-05-22 with log text @samp{Ignore log
-messages that start with `#'.}.  Then @kbd{C-x v a} visits
-@file{ChangeLog} and inserts text like this:
-
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-@smallexample
-@group
-1999-05-22  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
-
-        * rcs2log: Ignore log messages that start with `#'.
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-
-@noindent
-You can then edit the new change log entry further as you wish.
-
-  Some of the new change log entries may duplicate what's already in
-ChangeLog.  You will have to remove these duplicates by hand.
-
-  Normally, the log entry for file @file{foo} is displayed as @samp{*
-foo: @var{text of log entry}}.  The @samp{:} after @file{foo} is omitted
-if the text of the log entry starts with @w{@samp{(@var{functionname}):
-}}.  For example, if the log entry for @file{vc.el} is
-@samp{(vc-do-command): Check call-process status.}, then the text in
-@file{ChangeLog} looks like this:
-
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-@smallexample
-@group
-1999-05-06  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
-
-        * vc.el (vc-do-command): Check call-process status.
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-
-  When @kbd{C-x v a} adds several change log entries at once, it groups
-related log entries together if they all are checked in by the same
-author at nearly the same time.  If the log entries for several such
-files all have the same text, it coalesces them into a single entry.
-For example, suppose the most recent check-ins have the following log
-entries:
-
-@flushleft
-@bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{Fix expansion typos.}
-@bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.}
-@bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{Don't call expand-file-name.}
-@end flushleft
-
-@noindent
-They appear like this in @file{ChangeLog}:
-
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-@smallexample
-@group
-1999-04-01  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
-
-        * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos.
-
-        * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name.
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-
-  Normally, @kbd{C-x v a} separates log entries by a blank line, but you
-can mark several related log entries to be clumped together (without an
-intervening blank line) by starting the text of each related log entry
-with a label of the form @w{@samp{@{@var{clumpname}@} }}.  The label
-itself is not copied to @file{ChangeLog}.  For example, suppose the log
-entries are:
-
-@flushleft
-@bullet{} For @file{vc.texinfo}: @samp{@{expand@} Fix expansion typos.}
-@bullet{} For @file{vc.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.}
-@bullet{} For @file{vc-hooks.el}: @samp{@{expand@} Don't call expand-file-name.}
-@end flushleft
-
-@noindent
-Then the text in @file{ChangeLog} looks like this:
-
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-@smallexample
-@group
-1999-04-01  Nathaniel Bowditch  <nat@@apn.org>
-
-        * vc.texinfo: Fix expansion typos.
-        * vc.el, vc-hooks.el: Don't call expand-file-name.
-@end group
-@end smallexample
-@iftex
-@medbreak
-@end iftex
-
-  A log entry whose text begins with @samp{#} is not copied to
-@file{ChangeLog}.  For example, if you merely fix some misspellings in
-comments, you can log the change with an entry beginning with @samp{#}
-to avoid putting such trivia into @file{ChangeLog}.
-
-@node Renaming and VC
-@subsubsection Renaming VC Work Files and Master Files
-
-@findex vc-rename-file
-  When you rename a registered file, you must also rename its master
-file correspondingly to get proper results.  Use @code{vc-rename-file}
-to rename the source file as you specify, and rename its master file
-accordingly.  It also updates any snapshots (@pxref{Snapshots}) that
-mention the file, so that they use the new name; despite this, the
-snapshot thus modified may not completely work (@pxref{Snapshot
-Caveats}).
-
-  Some back ends do not provide an explicit rename operation to their
-repositories.  After issuing @code{vc-rename-file}, use @kbd{C-x v v}
-on the original and renamed buffers and provide the necessary edit
-log.
-
-  You cannot use @code{vc-rename-file} on a file that is locked by
-someone else.
-
-@node Version Headers
-@subsubsection Inserting Version Control Headers
-
-   Sometimes it is convenient to put version identification strings
-directly into working files.  Certain special strings called
-@dfn{version headers} are replaced in each successive version by the
-number of that version, the name of the user who created it, and other
-relevant information.  All of the back ends that VC supports have such
-a mechanism, except GNU Arch.
-
-  VC does not normally use the information contained in these headers.
-The exception is RCS---with RCS, version headers are sometimes more
-reliable than the master file to determine which version of the file
-you are editing.  Note that in a multi-branch environment, version
-headers are necessary to make VC behave correctly (@pxref{Multi-User
-Branching}).
-
-  Searching for RCS version headers is controlled by the variable
-@code{vc-consult-headers}.  If it is non-@code{nil} (the default),
-Emacs searches for headers to determine the version number you are
-editing.  Setting it to @code{nil} disables this feature.
-
-  Note that although CVS uses the same kind of version headers as RCS
-does, VC never searches for these headers if you are using CVS,
-regardless of the above setting.
-
-@kindex C-x v h
-@findex vc-insert-headers
-  You can use the @kbd{C-x v h} command (@code{vc-insert-headers}) to
-insert a suitable header string.
-
-@table @kbd
-@item C-x v h
-Insert headers in a file for use with your version-control system.
-@end table
-
-@vindex vc-@var{backend}-header
-  The default header string is @samp{@w{$}Id$} for RCS and
-@samp{@w{%}W%} for SCCS.  You can specify other headers to insert by
-setting the variables @code{vc-@var{backend}-header} where
-@var{backend} is @code{rcs} or @code{sccs}.
-
-  Instead of a single string, you can specify a list of strings; then
-each string in the list is inserted as a separate header on a line of
-its own.
-
-  It may be necessary to use apparently-superfluous backslashes when
-writing the strings that you put in this variable.  For instance, you
-might write @code{"$Id\$"} rather than @code{"$Id@w{$}"}.  The extra
-backslash prevents the string constant from being interpreted as a
-header, if the Emacs Lisp file containing it is maintained with
-version control.
-
-@vindex vc-comment-alist
-  Each header is inserted surrounded by tabs, inside comment delimiters,
-on a new line at point.  Normally the ordinary comment
-start and comment end strings of the current mode are used, but for
-certain modes, there are special comment delimiters for this purpose;
-the variable @code{vc-comment-alist} specifies them.  Each element of
-this list has the form @code{(@var{mode} @var{starter} @var{ender})}.
-
-@vindex vc-static-header-alist
-  The variable @code{vc-static-header-alist} specifies further strings
-to add based on the name of the buffer.  Its value should be a list of
-elements of the form @code{(@var{regexp} . @var{format})}.  Whenever
-@var{regexp} matches the buffer name, @var{format} is inserted as part
-of the header.  A header line is inserted for each element that matches
-the buffer name, and for each string specified by
-@code{vc-@var{backend}-header}.  The header line is made by processing the
-string from @code{vc-@var{backend}-header} with the format taken from the
-element.  The default value for @code{vc-static-header-alist} is as follows:
-
-@example
-@group
-(("\\.c$" .
-  "\n#ifndef lint\nstatic char vcid[] = \"\%s\";\n\
-#endif /* lint */\n"))
-@end group
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-It specifies insertion of text of this form:
-
-@example
-@group
-
-#ifndef lint
-static char vcid[] = "@var{string}";
-#endif /* lint */
-@end group
-@end example
-
-@noindent
-Note that the text above starts with a blank line.
-
-  If you use more than one version header in a file, put them close
-together in the file.  The mechanism in @code{revert-buffer} that
-preserves markers may not handle markers positioned between two version
-headers.
-
-@node Customizing VC
-@subsection Customizing VC
-
-@vindex vc-handled-backends
-The variable @code{vc-handled-backends} determines which version
-control systems VC should handle.  The default value is @code{(RCS CVS
-SVN SCCS Arch MCVS)}, so it contains all six version systems that are
-currently supported.  If you want VC to ignore one or more of these
-systems, exclude its name from the list.  To disable VC entirely, set
-this variable to @code{nil}.
-
-The order of systems in the list is significant: when you visit a file
-registered in more than one system (@pxref{Local Version Control}),
-VC uses the system that comes first in @code{vc-handled-backends} by
-default.  The order is also significant when you register a file for
-the first time, @pxref{Registering} for details.
-
-@menu
-* General VC Options::  Options that apply to multiple back ends.
-* RCS and SCCS::        Options for RCS and SCCS.
-* CVS Options::         Options for CVS.
-@end menu
-
-@node General VC Options
-@subsubsection General Options
-
-@vindex vc-make-backup-files
-  Emacs normally does not save backup files for source files that are
-maintained with version control.  If you want to make backup files even
-for files that use version control, set the variable
-@code{vc-make-backup-files} to a non-@code{nil} value.
-
-@vindex vc-keep-workfiles
-  Normally the work file exists all the time, whether it is locked or
-not.  If you set @code{vc-keep-workfiles} to @code{nil}, then checking
-in a new version with @kbd{C-x v v} deletes the work file; but any
-attempt to visit the file with Emacs creates it again.  (With CVS, work
-files are always kept.)
-
-@vindex vc-follow-symlinks
-  Editing a version-controlled file through a symbolic link can be
-dangerous.  It bypasses the version control system---you can edit the
-file without locking it, and fail to check your changes in.  Also,
-your changes might overwrite those of another user.  To protect against
-this, VC checks each symbolic link that you visit, to see if it points
-to a file under version control.
-
-  The variable @code{vc-follow-symlinks} controls what to do when a
-symbolic link points to a version-controlled file.  If it is @code{nil},
-VC only displays a warning message.  If it is @code{t}, VC automatically
-follows the link, and visits the real file instead, telling you about
-this in the echo area.  If the value is @code{ask} (the default), VC
-asks you each time whether to follow the link.
-
-@vindex vc-suppress-confirm
-  If @code{vc-suppress-confirm} is non-@code{nil}, then @kbd{C-x v v}
-and @kbd{C-x v i} can save the current buffer without asking, and
-@kbd{C-x v u} also operates without asking for confirmation.  (This
-variable does not affect @kbd{C-x v c}; that operation is so drastic
-that it should always ask for confirmation.)
-
-@vindex vc-command-messages
-  VC mode does much of its work by running the shell commands for RCS,
-CVS and SCCS.  If @code{vc-command-messages} is non-@code{nil}, VC
-displays messages to indicate which shell commands it runs, and
-additional messages when the commands finish.
-
-@vindex vc-path
-  You can specify additional directories to search for version control
-programs by setting the variable @code{vc-path}.  These directories
-are searched before the usual search path.  It is rarely necessary to
-set this variable, because VC normally finds the proper files
-automatically.
-
-@node RCS and SCCS
-@subsubsection Options for RCS and SCCS
-
-@cindex non-strict locking (RCS)
-@cindex locking, non-strict (RCS)
-  By default, RCS uses locking to coordinate the activities of several
-users, but there is a mode called @dfn{non-strict locking} in which
-you can check-in changes without locking the file first.  Use
-@samp{rcs -U} to switch to non-strict locking for a particular file,
-see the @code{rcs} manual page for details.
-
-  When deducing the version control state of an RCS file, VC first
-looks for an RCS version header string in the file (@pxref{Version
-Headers}).  If there is no header string, VC normally looks at the
-file permissions of the work file; this is fast.  But there might be
-situations when the file permissions cannot be trusted.  In this case
-the master file has to be consulted, which is rather expensive.  Also
-the master file can only tell you @emph{if} there's any lock on the
-file, but not whether your work file really contains that locked
-version.
-
-@vindex vc-consult-headers
-  You can tell VC not to use version headers to determine the file
-status by setting @code{vc-consult-headers} to @code{nil}.  VC then
-always uses the file permissions (if it is supposed to trust them), or
-else checks the master file.
-
-@vindex vc-mistrust-permissions
-  You can specify the criterion for whether to trust the file
-permissions by setting the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions}.
-Its value can be @code{t} (always mistrust the file permissions and
-check the master file), @code{nil} (always trust the file
-permissions), or a function of one argument which makes the decision.
-The argument is the directory name of the @file{RCS} subdirectory.  A
-non-@code{nil} value from the function says to mistrust the file
-permissions.  If you find that the file permissions of work files are
-changed erroneously, set @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} to @code{t}.
-Then VC always checks the master file to determine the file's status.
-
-  VC determines the version control state of files under SCCS much as
-with RCS.  It does not consider SCCS version headers, though.  Thus,
-the variable @code{vc-mistrust-permissions} affects SCCS use, but
-@code{vc-consult-headers} does not.
-
-@node CVS Options
-@subsubsection Options specific for CVS
-
-@cindex locking (CVS)
-  By default, CVS does not use locking to coordinate the activities of
-several users; anyone can change a work file at any time.  However,
-there are ways to restrict this, resulting in behavior that resembles
-locking.
-
-@cindex CVSREAD environment variable (CVS)
-  For one thing, you can set the @env{CVSREAD} environment variable
-(the value you use makes no difference).  If this variable is defined,
-CVS makes your work files read-only by default.  In Emacs, you must
-type @kbd{C-x v v} to make the file writable, so that editing works
-in fact similar as if locking was used.  Note however, that no actual
-locking is performed, so several users can make their files writable
-at the same time.  When setting @env{CVSREAD} for the first time, make
-sure to check out all your modules anew, so that the file protections
-are set correctly.
-
-@cindex cvs watch feature
-@cindex watching files (CVS)
-  Another way to achieve something similar to locking is to use the
-@dfn{watch} feature of CVS.  If a file is being watched, CVS makes it
-read-only by default, and you must also use @kbd{C-x v v} in Emacs to
-make it writable.  VC calls @code{cvs edit} to make the file writable,
-and CVS takes care to notify other developers of the fact that you
-intend to change the file.  See the CVS documentation for details on
-using the watch feature.
-
-@vindex vc-stay-local
-@vindex vc-cvs-stay-local
-@cindex remote repositories (CVS)
-  When a file's repository is on a remote machine, VC tries to keep
-network interactions to a minimum.  This is controlled by the variable
-@code{vc-cvs-stay-local}.  There is another variable,
-@code{vc-stay-local}, which enables the feature also for other back
-ends that support it, including CVS.  In the following, we will talk
-only about @code{vc-cvs-stay-local}, but everything applies to
-@code{vc-stay-local} as well.
-
-If @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t} (the default), then VC uses
-only the entry in the local CVS subdirectory to determine the file's
-state (and possibly information returned by previous CVS commands).
-One consequence of this is that when you have modified a file, and
-somebody else has already checked in other changes to the file, you
-are not notified of it until you actually try to commit.  (But you can
-try to pick up any recent changes from the repository first, using
-@kbd{C-x v m @key{RET}}, @pxref{Merging}).
-
-  When @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} is @code{t}, VC also makes local
-version backups, so that simple diff and revert operations are
-completely local (@pxref{Version Backups}).
-
-  On the other hand, if you set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to @code{nil},
-then VC queries the remote repository @emph{before} it decides what to
-do in @code{vc-next-action} (@kbd{C-x v v}), just as it does for local
-repositories.  It also does not make any version backups.
-
-  You can also set @code{vc-cvs-stay-local} to a regular expression
-that is matched against the repository host name; VC then stays local
-only for repositories from hosts that match the pattern.
-
-@vindex vc-cvs-global-switches
-  You can specify additional command line options to pass to all CVS
-operations in the variable @code{vc-cvs-global-switches}.  These
-switches are inserted immediately after the @code{cvs} command, before
-the name of the operation to invoke.
-
 @node Directories
 @section File Directories