Simplify use of encode-time

Most uses of (apply #'encode-time foo) can now be replaced
with (encode-time foo).  Make similar simplifications.
* lisp/calendar/time-date.el (date-to-time):
* lisp/calendar/timeclock.el (timeclock-when-to-leave)
(timeclock-day-base, timeclock-generate-report):
* lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el (timer-set-idle-time):
* lisp/eshell/esh-util.el (eshell-parse-ange-ls):
* lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el (article-make-date-line):
* lisp/gnus/gnus-delay.el (gnus-delay-article)
(gnus-delay-send-queue):
* lisp/gnus/gnus-icalendar.el (gnus-icalendar-event--decode-datefield):
* lisp/gnus/gnus-logic.el (gnus-advanced-date):
* lisp/gnus/message.el (message-make-expires-date):
* lisp/gnus/nndiary.el (nndiary-compute-reminders):
* lisp/mail/ietf-drums.el (ietf-drums-parse-date):
* lisp/net/tramp-adb.el (tramp-adb-ls-output-time-less-p):
* lisp/org/org-agenda.el (org-agenda-get-timestamps)
(org-agenda-get-progress, org-agenda-show-clocking-issues):
* lisp/org/org-capture.el (org-capture-set-target-location):
* lisp/org/org-clock.el (org-clock-get-sum-start, org-clock-sum)
(org-clocktable-steps):
* lisp/org/org-colview.el (org-colview-construct-allowed-dates)
* lisp/org/org-macro.el (org-macro--vc-modified-time):
* lisp/org/org-table.el (org-table-eval-formula):
* lisp/org/org.el (org-current-time, org-store-link)
(org-time-today, org-read-date, org-read-date-display)
(org-display-custom-time, org-time-string-to-time)
(org-timestamp-change, org-timestamp--to-internal-time):
* lisp/url/url-dav.el (url-dav-process-date-property):
* lisp/vc/vc-cvs.el (vc-cvs-annotate-current-time)
(vc-cvs-parse-entry):
Simplify use of encode-time.
* lisp/org/org-clock.el (org-clock-get-clocked-time):
(org-clock-resolve, org-resolve-clocks, org_clock_out)
(org-clock-update-time-maybe):
Avoid some rounding problems with encode-time and float-time.
* lisp/org/org-clock.el (org-clock-in, org-clock-update-time-maybe):
* lisp/org/org-colview.el (org-columns--age-to-minutes):
* lisp/org/org.el (org-get-scheduled-time, org-get-deadline-time)
(org-add-planning-info, org-2ft, org-time-string-to-absolute)
(org-closest-date):
Use org-time-string-to-time instead of doing it by hand with
encode-time.
* lisp/org/org.el (org-current-time): Simplify rounding.
(org-read-date): Avoid extra trip through encode-time.

22 files changed, 119 insertions, 149 deletions

diff --git a/lisp/calendar/time-date.el b/lisp/calendar/time-date.el
index 6fb0f22427a..cc30bd1fda4 100644
--- a/lisp/calendar/time-date.el
+++ b/lisp/calendar/time-date.el
@@ -151,15 +151,14 @@ it is assumed that PICO was omitted and should be treated as zero."
 DATE should be in one of the forms recognized by `parse-time-string'.
 If DATE lacks timezone information, GMT is assumed."
   (condition-case err
-      (apply 'encode-time (parse-time-string date))
+      (encode-time (parse-time-string date))
     (error
      (let ((overflow-error '(error "Specified time is not representable")))
        (if (equal err overflow-error)
            (apply 'signal err)
          (condition-case err
-             (apply 'encode-time
-                    (parse-time-string
-                     (timezone-make-date-arpa-standard date)))
+             (encode-time (parse-time-string
+                           (timezone-make-date-arpa-standard date)))
            (error
             (if (equal err overflow-error)
                 (apply 'signal err)
diff --git a/lisp/calendar/timeclock.el b/lisp/calendar/timeclock.el
index fd6f5310c8d..5c3580dd848 100644
--- a/lisp/calendar/timeclock.el
+++ b/lisp/calendar/timeclock.el
@@ -528,14 +528,13 @@ non-nil, the amount returned will be relative to past time worked."
   "Return a time value representing the end of today's workday.
 If TODAY-ONLY is non-nil, the value returned will be relative only to
 the time worked today, and not to past time."
-  (encode-time
-   (- (float-time)
-      (let ((discrep (timeclock-find-discrep)))
-        (if discrep
-            (if today-only
-                (cadr discrep)
-              (car discrep))
-          0.0)))))
+  (time-subtract nil
+                 (let ((discrep (timeclock-find-discrep)))
+                   (if discrep
+                       (if today-only
+                           (cadr discrep)
+                         (car discrep))
+                     0))))
 
 ;;;###autoload
 (defun timeclock-when-to-leave-string (&optional show-seconds
@@ -1156,7 +1155,7 @@ If optional argument TIME is non-nil, use that instead of the current time."
     (setcar (nthcdr 0 decoded) 0)
     (setcar (nthcdr 1 decoded) 0)
     (setcar (nthcdr 2 decoded) 0)
-    (apply 'encode-time decoded)))
+    (encode-time decoded)))
 
 (defun timeclock-mean (l)
   "Compute the arithmetic mean of the values in the list L."
@@ -1196,9 +1195,7 @@ HTML-P is non-nil, HTML markup is added."
             (insert project "</b><br>\n")
           (insert project "*\n"))
         (let ((proj-data (cdr (assoc project (timeclock-project-alist log))))
-              (two-weeks-ago (encode-time
-                              (- (float-time today)
-                                 (* 2 7 24 60 60))))
+              (two-weeks-ago (time-subtract today (* 2 7 24 60 60)))
               two-week-len today-len)
           (while proj-data
             (if (not (time-less-p
@@ -1249,18 +1246,10 @@ HTML-P is non-nil, HTML markup is added."
     <th>-1 year</th>
 </tr>")
         (let* ((day-list (timeclock-day-list))
-               (thirty-days-ago (encode-time
-                                 (- (float-time today)
-                                    (* 30 24 60 60))))
-               (three-months-ago (encode-time
-                                  (- (float-time today)
-                                     (* 90 24 60 60))))
-               (six-months-ago (encode-time
-                                (- (float-time today)
-                                   (* 180 24 60 60))))
-               (one-year-ago (encode-time
-                              (- (float-time today)
-                                 (* 365 24 60 60))))
+               (thirty-days-ago (time-subtract today (* 30 24 60 60)))
+               (three-months-ago (time-subtract today (* 90 24 60 60)))
+               (six-months-ago (time-subtract today (* 180 24 60 60)))
+               (one-year-ago (time-subtract today (* 365 24 60 60)))
                (time-in  (vector (list t) (list t) (list t) (list t) (list t)))
                (time-out (vector (list t) (list t) (list t) (list t) (list t)))
                (breaks   (vector (list t) (list t) (list t) (list t) (list t)))
diff --git a/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el b/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el
index f77c9457860..51d7e6f99e2 100644
--- a/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el
+++ b/lisp/emacs-lisp/timer.el
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ SECS may be an integer, floating point number, or the internal
 time format returned by, e.g., `current-idle-time'.
 If optional third argument REPEAT is non-nil, make the timer
 fire each time Emacs is idle for that many seconds."
-  (setf (timer--time timer) (if (consp secs) secs (encode-time secs)))
+  (setf (timer--time timer) secs)
   (setf (timer--repeat-delay timer) repeat)
   timer)
 
diff --git a/lisp/eshell/esh-util.el b/lisp/eshell/esh-util.el
index 7e6e39e74a3..118978e77d0 100644
--- a/lisp/eshell/esh-util.el
+++ b/lisp/eshell/esh-util.el
@@ -652,7 +652,7 @@ If NOSORT is non-nil, the list is not sorted--its order is unpredictable.
                         (setcar (nthcdr 0 moment) 0)
                         (setcar (nthcdr 1 moment) 0)
                         (setcar (nthcdr 2 moment) 0))
-                      (apply 'encode-time moment))
+                      (encode-time moment))
                   (ange-ftp-file-modtime (expand-file-name name dir))))
                symlink)
           (if (string-match "\\(.+\\) -> \\(.+\\)" name)
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el b/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el
index e39011837a1..191f623afa3 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/gnus-art.el
@@ -3544,7 +3544,7 @@ possible values."
                   (substring
                    (message-make-date
                     (let* ((e (parse-time-string date))
-                           (tm (apply 'encode-time e))
+                           (tm (encode-time e))
                            (ms (car tm))
                            (ls (- (cadr tm) (car (current-time-zone time)))))
                       (cond ((< ls 0) (list (1- ms) (+ ls 65536)))
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/gnus-delay.el b/lisp/gnus/gnus-delay.el
index e013f26adf2..aabf23924a0 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/gnus-delay.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/gnus-delay.el
@@ -98,19 +98,15 @@ DELAY is a string, giving the length of the time.  Possible values are:
            (setq hour   (string-to-number (match-string 1 delay))
                  minute (string-to-number (match-string 2 delay)))
            ;; Use current time, except...
-           (setq deadline (apply 'vector (decode-time)))
+           (setq deadline (decode-time))
            ;; ... for minute and hour.
-           (aset deadline 1 minute)
-           (aset deadline 2 hour)
-           ;; Convert to seconds.
-           (setq deadline (float-time (apply 'encode-time
-                                             (append deadline nil))))
+           (setq deadline (apply #'encode-time (car deadline) minute hour
+                                 (nthcdr 3 deadline)))
            ;; If this time has passed already, add a day.
-           (when (< deadline (float-time))
-             (setq deadline (+ 86400 deadline))) ; 86400 secs/day
+           (when (time-less-p deadline nil)
+             (setq deadline (time-add 86400 deadline))) ; 86400 secs/day
            ;; Convert seconds to date header.
-           (setq deadline (message-make-date
-                           (encode-time deadline))))
+           (setq deadline (message-make-date deadline)))
           ((string-match "\\([0-9]+\\)\\s-*\\([mhdwMY]\\)" delay)
            (setq num (match-string 1 delay))
            (setq unit (match-string 2 delay))
@@ -128,8 +124,7 @@ DELAY is a string, giving the length of the time.  Possible values are:
                   (setq delay (* num 60 60)))
                  (t
                   (setq delay (* num 60))))
-           (setq deadline (message-make-date
-                           (encode-time (+ (float-time) delay)))))
+           (setq deadline (message-make-date (time-add nil delay))))
           (t (error "Malformed delay `%s'" delay)))
     (message-add-header (format "%s: %s" gnus-delay-header deadline)))
   (set-buffer-modified-p t)
@@ -164,8 +159,7 @@ DELAY is a string, giving the length of the time.  Possible values are:
                nil t)
               (progn
                 (setq deadline (nnheader-header-value))
-                (setq deadline (apply 'encode-time
-                                      (parse-time-string deadline)))
+                (setq deadline (encode-time (parse-time-string deadline)))
                 (unless (time-less-p nil deadline)
                   (message "Sending delayed article %d" article)
                   (gnus-draft-send article group)
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/gnus-icalendar.el b/lisp/gnus/gnus-icalendar.el
index e39561edb33..06f09271647 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/gnus-icalendar.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/gnus-icalendar.el
@@ -147,7 +147,7 @@
                        (icalendar--get-event-property-attributes
                         event field) zone-map))
          (dtdate-dec (icalendar--decode-isodatetime dtdate nil dtdate-zone)))
-    (apply 'encode-time dtdate-dec)))
+    (encode-time dtdate-dec)))
 
 (defun gnus-icalendar-event--find-attendee (ical name-or-email)
   (let* ((event (car (icalendar--all-events ical)))
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/gnus-logic.el b/lisp/gnus/gnus-logic.el
index 8bf15cfd5b3..90f74205209 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/gnus-logic.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/gnus-logic.el
@@ -162,9 +162,9 @@
     (funcall type (or (aref gnus-advanced-headers index) 0) match)))
 
 (defun gnus-advanced-date (index match type)
-  (let ((date (apply 'encode-time (parse-time-string
-                                   (aref gnus-advanced-headers index))))
-        (match (apply 'encode-time (parse-time-string match))))
+  (let ((date (encode-time (parse-time-string
+                            (aref gnus-advanced-headers index))))
+        (match (encode-time (parse-time-string match))))
     (cond
      ((eq type 'at)
       (equal date match))
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/message.el b/lisp/gnus/message.el
index 9d5445c18cc..b0674525a86 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/message.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/message.el
@@ -5542,7 +5542,7 @@ In posting styles use `(\"Expires\" (make-expires-date 30))'."
   (let* ((cur (decode-time))
          (nday (+ days (nth 3 cur))))
     (setf (nth 3 cur) nday)
-    (message-make-date (apply 'encode-time cur))))
+    (message-make-date (encode-time cur))))
 
 (defun message-make-message-id ()
   "Make a unique Message-ID."
diff --git a/lisp/gnus/nndiary.el b/lisp/gnus/nndiary.el
index 3798be10582..c8b7eed9870 100644
--- a/lisp/gnus/nndiary.el
+++ b/lisp/gnus/nndiary.el
@@ -1278,27 +1278,27 @@ all.  This may very well take some time.")
       (push
        (cond ((eq (cdr reminder) 'minute)
               (time-subtract
-               (apply 'encode-time 0 (nthcdr 1 date-elts))
+               (apply #'encode-time 0 (nthcdr 1 date-elts))
                (encode-time (* (car reminder) 60.0))))
              ((eq (cdr reminder) 'hour)
               (time-subtract
-               (apply 'encode-time 0 0 (nthcdr 2 date-elts))
+               (apply #'encode-time 0 0 (nthcdr 2 date-elts))
                (encode-time (* (car reminder) 3600.0))))
              ((eq (cdr reminder) 'day)
               (time-subtract
-               (apply 'encode-time 0 0 0 (nthcdr 3 date-elts))
+               (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0 (nthcdr 3 date-elts))
                (encode-time (* (car reminder) 86400.0))))
              ((eq (cdr reminder) 'week)
               (time-subtract
-               (apply 'encode-time 0 0 0 monday (nthcdr 4 date-elts))
+               (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0 monday (nthcdr 4 date-elts))
                (encode-time (* (car reminder) 604800.0))))
              ((eq (cdr reminder) 'month)
               (time-subtract
-               (apply 'encode-time 0 0 0 1 (nthcdr 4 date-elts))
+               (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0 1 (nthcdr 4 date-elts))
                (encode-time (* (car reminder) 18748800.0))))
              ((eq (cdr reminder) 'year)
               (time-subtract
-               (apply 'encode-time 0 0 0 1 1 (nthcdr 5 date-elts))
+               (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0 1 1 (nthcdr 5 date-elts))
                (encode-time (* (car reminder) 400861056.0)))))
        res))
     (sort res 'time-less-p)))
diff --git a/lisp/mail/ietf-drums.el b/lisp/mail/ietf-drums.el
index 66006573c14..81377c9c41a 100644
--- a/lisp/mail/ietf-drums.el
+++ b/lisp/mail/ietf-drums.el
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ a list of address strings."
 
 (defun ietf-drums-parse-date (string)
   "Return an Emacs time spec from STRING."
-  (apply 'encode-time (parse-time-string string)))
+  (encode-time (parse-time-string string)))
 
 (defun ietf-drums-narrow-to-header ()
   "Narrow to the header section in the current buffer."
diff --git a/lisp/net/soap-client.el b/lisp/net/soap-client.el
index db8ed16ee0f..1632ee13758 100644
--- a/lisp/net/soap-client.el
+++ b/lisp/net/soap-client.el
@@ -629,7 +629,7 @@ disallows them."
              (<= time-zone-minute 59))
       (error "Invalid or unsupported time: %s" date-time-string))
     ;; Return a value in a format similar to that returned by decode-time, and
-    ;; suitable for (apply 'encode-time ...).
+    ;; suitable for (apply #'encode-time ...).
     (list second minute hour day month year second-fraction datatype
           (if has-time-zone
               (* (rng-xsd-time-to-seconds
diff --git a/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el b/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el
index b9b1e4aab6c..34faf4ce280 100644
--- a/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el
+++ b/lisp/net/tramp-adb.el
@@ -488,9 +488,9 @@ Emacs dired can't find files."
   "Sort \"ls\" output by time, descending."
   (let (time-a time-b)
     (string-match tramp-adb-ls-date-regexp a)
-    (setq time-a (apply 'encode-time (parse-time-string (match-string 0 a))))
+    (setq time-a (apply #'encode-time (parse-time-string (match-string 0 a))))
     (string-match tramp-adb-ls-date-regexp b)
-    (setq time-b (apply 'encode-time (parse-time-string (match-string 0 b))))
+    (setq time-b (apply #'encode-time (parse-time-string (match-string 0 b))))
     (time-less-p time-b time-a)))
 
 (defun tramp-adb-ls-output-name-less-p (a b)
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-agenda.el b/lisp/org/org-agenda.el
index 6cc5214306a..d491dff4779 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-agenda.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-agenda.el
@@ -5491,8 +5491,8 @@ displayed in agenda view."
             (substring
              (format-time-string
               (car org-time-stamp-formats)
-              (apply #'encode-time      ; DATE bound by calendar
-                     (list 0 0 0 (nth 1 date) (car date) (nth 2 date))))
+              (encode-time      ; DATE bound by calendar
+               0 0 0 (nth 1 date) (car date) (nth 2 date)))
              1 11))
            "\\|\\(<[0-9]+-[0-9]+-[0-9]+[^>\n]+?\\+[0-9]+[hdwmy]>\\)"
            "\\|\\(<%%\\(([^>\n]+)\\)>\\)"))
@@ -5742,8 +5742,8 @@ then those holidays will be skipped."
                    (substring
                     (format-time-string
                      (car org-time-stamp-formats)
-                     (apply 'encode-time  ; DATE bound by calendar
-                            (list 0 0 0 (nth 1 date) (car date) (nth 2 date))))
+                     (encode-time  ; DATE bound by calendar
+                      0 0 0 (nth 1 date) (car date) (nth 2 date)))
                     1 11))))
          (org-agenda-search-headline-for-time nil)
          marker hdmarker priority category level tags closedp
@@ -5860,10 +5860,8 @@ See also the user option `org-agenda-clock-consistency-checks'."
               (throw 'next t))
             (setq ts (match-string 1)
                   te (match-string 3)
-                  ts (float-time
-                      (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string ts)))
-                  te (float-time
-                      (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string te)))
+                  ts (float-time (org-time-string-to-time ts))
+                  te (float-time (org-time-string-to-time te))
                   dt (- te ts))))
         (cond
          ((> dt (* 60 maxtime))
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-capture.el b/lisp/org/org-capture.el
index a699d2e28fc..0c7f159369f 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-capture.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-capture.el
@@ -1009,9 +1009,8 @@ Store them in the capture property list."
                               (not (= (time-to-days prompt-time) (org-today))))
                          ;; Use 00:00 when no time is given for another
                          ;; date than today?
-                         (apply #'encode-time
-                                (append '(0 0 0)
-                                        (cl-cdddr (decode-time prompt-time)))))
+                         (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0
+                                (cl-cdddr (decode-time prompt-time))))
                         ((string-match "\\([^ ]+\\)--?[^ ]+[ ]+\\(.*\\)"
                                        org-read-date-final-answer)
                          ;; Replace any time range by its start.
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-clock.el b/lisp/org/org-clock.el
index b177450d33f..babf1f70669 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-clock.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-clock.el
@@ -723,8 +723,8 @@ menu\nmouse-2 will jump to task"))
 The time returned includes the time spent on this task in
 previous clocking intervals."
   (let ((currently-clocked-time
-         (floor (- (float-time)
-                   (float-time org-clock-start-time)) 60)))
+         (floor (encode-time (time-subtract nil org-clock-start-time) 'integer)
+                60)))
     (+ currently-clocked-time (or org-clock-total-time 0))))
 
 (defun org-clock-modify-effort-estimate (&optional value)
@@ -1033,8 +1033,9 @@ to be CLOCKED OUT."))))
                                    nil 45)))
                 (and (not (memq char-pressed '(?i ?q))) char-pressed)))))
          (default
-           (floor (/ (float-time
-                      (time-subtract (current-time) last-valid)) 60)))
+           (floor (encode-time (time-subtract (current-time) last-valid)
+                               'integer)
+                  60))
          (keep
           (and (memq ch '(?k ?K))
                (read-number "Keep how many minutes? " default)))
@@ -1102,8 +1103,8 @@ If `only-dangling-p' is non-nil, only ask to resolve dangling
                         (lambda (clock)
                           (format
                            "Dangling clock started %d mins ago"
-                           (floor (- (float-time)
-                                     (float-time (cdr clock)))
+                           (floor (encode-time (time-subtract nil (cdr clock))
+                                               'integer)
                                   60)))))
                    (or last-valid
                        (cdr clock)))))))))))
@@ -1293,8 +1294,7 @@ the default behavior."
            (setq ts (concat "[" (match-string 1) "]"))
            (goto-char (match-end 1))
            (setq org-clock-start-time
-                 (apply 'encode-time
-                        (org-parse-time-string (match-string 1))))
+                 (org-time-string-to-time (match-string 1)))
            (setq org-clock-effort (org-entry-get (point) org-effort-property))
            (setq org-clock-total-time (org-clock-sum-current-item
                                        (org-clock-get-sum-start))))
@@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ The time is always returned as UTC."
              (day (nth 3 dt)))
         (if (< hour org-extend-today-until) (setf (nth 3 dt) (1- day)))
         (setf (nth 2 dt) org-extend-today-until)
-        (apply #'encode-time (append (list 0 0) (nthcdr 2 dt)))))
+        (apply #'encode-time 0 0 (nthcdr 2 dt))))
      ((or (equal cmt "all")
           (and (or (not cmt) (equal cmt "auto"))
                (not lr)))
@@ -1577,14 +1577,12 @@ to, overriding the existing value of `org-clock-out-switch-to-state'."
           (delete-region (point) (point-at-eol))
           (insert "--")
           (setq te (org-insert-time-stamp (or at-time now) 'with-hm 'inactive))
-          (setq s (- (float-time
-                      (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string te)))
-                     (float-time
-                      (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string ts))))
-                h (floor (/ s 3600))
+          (setq s (float-time (time-subtract
+                               (org-time-string-to-time te)
+                               (org-time-string-to-time ts)))
+                h (floor s 3600)
                 s (- s (* 3600 h))
-                m (floor (/ s 60))
-                s (- s (* 60 s)))
+                m (floor s 60))
           (insert " => " (format "%2d:%02d" h m))
           (move-marker org-clock-marker nil)
           (move-marker org-clock-hd-marker nil)
@@ -1813,15 +1811,15 @@ PROPNAME lets you set a custom text property instead of :org-clock-minutes."
           ((match-end 2)
            ;; Two time stamps.
            (let* ((ts (float-time
-                       (apply #'encode-time
-                              (save-match-data
-                                (org-parse-time-string (match-string 2))))))
+                       (encode-time
+                        (save-match-data
+                          (org-parse-time-string (match-string 2))))))
                   (te (float-time
-                       (apply #'encode-time
-                              (org-parse-time-string (match-string 3)))))
+                       (encode-time
+                        (org-parse-time-string (match-string 3)))))
                   (dt (- (if tend (min te tend) te)
                          (if tstart (max ts tstart) ts))))
-             (when (> dt 0) (cl-incf t1 (floor (/ dt 60))))))
+             (when (> dt 0) (cl-incf t1 (floor dt 60)))))
           ((match-end 4)
            ;; A naked time.
            (setq t1 (+ t1 (string-to-number (match-string 5))
@@ -2704,14 +2702,14 @@ LEVEL is an integer.  Indent by two spaces per level above 1."
       (pcase-let ((`(,month ,day ,year) (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute ts)))
         (setq ts (float-time (encode-time 0 0 0 day month year)))))
      (ts
-      (setq ts (float-time (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string ts))))))
+      (setq ts (float-time (org-time-string-to-time ts)))))
     (cond
      ((numberp te)
       ;; Likewise for te.
       (pcase-let ((`(,month ,day ,year) (calendar-gregorian-from-absolute te)))
         (setq te (float-time (encode-time 0 0 0 day month year)))))
      (te
-      (setq te (float-time (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string te))))))
+      (setq te (float-time (org-time-string-to-time te)))))
     (setq tsb
           (if (eq step0 'week)
               (let ((dow (nth 6 (decode-time (encode-time ts)))))
@@ -2720,7 +2718,7 @@ LEVEL is an integer.  Indent by two spaces per level above 1."
             ts))
     (while (< tsb te)
       (unless (bolp) (insert "\n"))
-      (let ((start-time (encode-time (max tsb ts))))
+      (let ((start-time (max tsb ts)))
         (cl-incf tsb (let ((dow (nth 6 (decode-time (encode-time tsb)))))
                        (if (or (eq step0 'day)
                                (= dow ws))
@@ -2882,18 +2880,16 @@ Otherwise, return nil."
                      (<= org-clock-marker (point-at-eol)))
             ;; The clock is running here
             (setq org-clock-start-time
-                  (apply 'encode-time
-                         (org-parse-time-string (match-string 1))))
+                  (org-time-string-to-time (match-string 1)))
             (org-clock-update-mode-line)))
          (t
           (and (match-end 4) (delete-region (match-beginning 4) (match-end 4)))
           (end-of-line 1)
           (setq ts (match-string 1)
                 te (match-string 3))
-          (setq s (- (float-time
-                      (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string te)))
-                     (float-time
-                      (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string ts))))
+          (setq s (float-time
+                   (time-subtract (org-time-string-to-time te)
+                                  (org-time-string-to-time ts)))
                 neg (< s 0)
                 s (abs s)
                 h (floor (/ s 3600))
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-colview.el b/lisp/org/org-colview.el
index 2c34eddcf6b..f3e118b6dea 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-colview.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-colview.el
@@ -719,7 +719,7 @@ around it."
       (setq time-after (copy-sequence time))
       (setf (nth 3 time-before) (1- (nth 3 time)))
       (setf (nth 3 time-after) (1+ (nth 3 time)))
-      (mapcar (lambda (x) (format-time-string fmt (apply 'encode-time x)))
+      (mapcar (lambda (x) (format-time-string fmt (encode-time x)))
               (list time-before time time-after)))))
 
 (defun org-columns-open-link (&optional arg)
@@ -1070,7 +1070,7 @@ as a canonical duration, i.e., using units defined in
   (cond
    ((string-match-p org-ts-regexp s)
     (/ (- org-columns--time
-          (float-time (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string s))))
+          (float-time (org-time-string-to-time s)))
        60))
    ((org-duration-p s) (org-duration-to-minutes s t)) ;skip user units
    (t (user-error "Invalid age: %S" s))))
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-macro.el b/lisp/org/org-macro.el
index 7d04d02970c..a151e1e8469 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-macro.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-macro.el
@@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ Return a list of arguments, as strings.  This is the opposite of
                                   (buffer-substring
                                    (point) (line-end-position)))))
                        (when (cl-some #'identity time)
-                         (setq date (apply #'encode-time time))))))))
+                         (setq date (encode-time time))))))))
               (let ((proc (get-buffer-process buf)))
                 (while (and proc (accept-process-output proc .5 nil t)))))
           (kill-buffer buf))
diff --git a/lisp/org/org-table.el b/lisp/org/org-table.el
index 0a8382c8b56..81a77fde6c7 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org-table.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org-table.el
@@ -2909,8 +2909,8 @@ location of point."
                      (format-time-string
                       (org-time-stamp-format
                        (string-match-p "[0-9]\\{1,2\\}:[0-9]\\{2\\}" ts))
-                      (apply #'encode-time
-                             (save-match-data (org-parse-time-string ts))))))
+                      (encode-time
+                       (save-match-data (org-parse-time-string ts))))))
                  form t t))
 
           (setq ev (if (and duration (string-match "^[0-9]+:[0-9]+\\(?::[0-9]+\\)?$" form))
diff --git a/lisp/org/org.el b/lisp/org/org.el
index 91a4799a21a..b627282a63d 100644
--- a/lisp/org/org.el
+++ b/lisp/org/org.el
@@ -5613,16 +5613,15 @@ When ROUNDING-MINUTES is not an integer, fall back on the car of
 the rounding returns a past time."
   (let ((r (or (and (integerp rounding-minutes) rounding-minutes)
                (car org-time-stamp-rounding-minutes)))
-        (time (decode-time)) res)
+        (now (current-time)))
     (if (< r 1)
-        (current-time)
-      (setq res
-            (apply 'encode-time
-                   (append (list 0 (* r (floor (+ .5 (/ (float (nth 1 time)) r)))))
-                           (nthcdr 2 time))))
-      (if (and past (< (float-time (time-subtract (current-time) res)) 0))
-          (encode-time (- (float-time res) (* r 60)))
-        res))))
+        now
+      (let* ((time (decode-time now))
+             (res (apply #'encode-time 0 (* r (round (nth 1 time) r))
+                         (nthcdr 2 time))))
+        (if (or (not past) (time-less-p res now))
+            res
+          (time-subtract res (* r 60)))))))
 
 (defun org-today ()
   "Return today date, considering `org-extend-today-until'."
@@ -9743,9 +9742,7 @@ active region."
           (setq link
                 (format-time-string
                  (car org-time-stamp-formats)
-                 (apply 'encode-time
-                        (list 0 0 0 (nth 1 cd) (nth 0 cd) (nth 2 cd)
-                              nil nil nil))))
+                 (encode-time 0 0 0 (nth 1 cd) (nth 0 cd) (nth 2 cd))))
           (org-store-link-props :type "calendar" :date cd)))
 
        ((eq major-mode 'help-mode)
@@ -13344,7 +13341,7 @@ for calling org-schedule with, or if there is no scheduling,
 returns nil."
   (let ((time (org-entry-get pom "SCHEDULED" inherit)))
     (when time
-      (apply 'encode-time (org-parse-time-string time)))))
+      (org-time-string-to-time time))))
 
 (defun org-get-deadline-time (pom &optional inherit)
   "Get the deadline as a time tuple, of a format suitable for
@@ -13352,7 +13349,7 @@ calling org-deadline with, or if there is no scheduling, returns
 nil."
   (let ((time (org-entry-get pom "DEADLINE" inherit)))
     (when time
-      (apply 'encode-time (org-parse-time-string time)))))
+      (org-time-string-to-time time))))
 
 (defun org-remove-timestamp-with-keyword (keyword)
   "Remove all time stamps with KEYWORD in the current entry."
@@ -13411,7 +13408,7 @@ WHAT entry will also be removed."
                                        org-deadline-time-regexp)
                                      end t)
               (setq ts (match-string 1)
-                    default-time (apply 'encode-time (org-parse-time-string ts))
+                    default-time (org-time-string-to-time ts)
                     default-input (and ts (org-get-compact-tod ts)))))))
       (when what
         (setq time
@@ -14668,7 +14665,7 @@ it as a time string and apply `float-time' to it.  If S is nil, just return 0."
    ((numberp s) s)
    ((stringp s)
     (condition-case nil
-        (float-time (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string s)))
+        (float-time (org-time-string-to-time s))
       (error 0.)))
    (t 0.)))
 
@@ -14676,8 +14673,7 @@ it as a time string and apply `float-time' to it.  If S is nil, just return 0."
   "Time in seconds today at 0:00.
 Returns the float number of seconds since the beginning of the
 epoch to the beginning of today (00:00)."
-  (float-time (apply 'encode-time
-                     (append '(0 0 0) (nthcdr 3 (decode-time))))))
+  (float-time (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0 (nthcdr 3 (decode-time)))))
 
 (defun org-matcher-time (s)
   "Interpret a time comparison value."
@@ -16573,7 +16569,7 @@ non-nil."
          ;; Default time is either the timestamp at point or today.
          ;; When entering a range, only the range start is considered.
          (default-time (if (not ts) (current-time)
-                         (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string ts))))
+                         (org-time-string-to-time ts)))
          (default-input (and ts (org-get-compact-tod ts)))
          (repeater (and ts
                         (string-match "\\([.+-]+[0-9]+[hdwmy] ?\\)+" ts)
@@ -16820,7 +16816,7 @@ user."
     (when (< (nth 2 org-defdecode) org-extend-today-until)
       (setf (nth 2 org-defdecode) -1)
       (setf (nth 1 org-defdecode) 59)
-      (setq org-def (apply #'encode-time org-defdecode))
+      (setq org-def (encode-time org-defdecode))
       (setq org-defdecode (decode-time org-def)))
     (let* ((timestr (format-time-string
                      (if org-with-time "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M" "%Y-%m-%d")
@@ -16893,13 +16889,14 @@ user."
                  "range representable on this machine"))
       (ding))
 
-    ;; One round trip to get rid of 34th of August and stuff like that....
-    (setq final (decode-time (apply 'encode-time final)))
+    (setq final (apply #'encode-time final))
 
     (setq org-read-date-final-answer ans)
 
     (if to-time
-        (apply 'encode-time final)
+        final
+      ;; This round-trip gets rid of 34th of August and stuff like that....
+      (setq final (decode-time final))
       (if (and (boundp 'org-time-was-given) org-time-was-given)
           (format "%04d-%02d-%02d %02d:%02d"
                   (nth 5 final) (nth 4 final) (nth 3 final)
@@ -16929,7 +16926,7 @@ user."
                           (and (boundp 'org-time-was-given) org-time-was-given))
                       (cdr fmts)
                     (car fmts)))
-             (txt (format-time-string fmt (apply 'encode-time f)))
+             (txt (format-time-string fmt (apply #'encode-time f)))
              (txt (if org-read-date-inactive (concat "[" (substring txt 1 -1) "]") txt))
              (txt (concat "=> " txt)))
         (when (and org-end-time-was-given
@@ -17296,7 +17293,7 @@ The command returns the inserted time stamp."
           time (org-fix-decoded-time t1)
           str (org-add-props
                   (format-time-string
-                   (substring tf 1 -1) (apply 'encode-time time))
+                   (substring tf 1 -1) (encode-time time))
                   nil 'mouse-face 'highlight))
     (put-text-property beg end 'display str)))
 
@@ -17553,7 +17550,7 @@ days in order to avoid rounding problems."
 
 (defun org-time-string-to-time (s)
   "Convert timestamp string S into internal time."
-  (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string s)))
+  (encode-time (org-parse-time-string s)))
 
 (defun org-time-string-to-seconds (s)
   "Convert a timestamp string S into a number of seconds."
@@ -17588,7 +17585,7 @@ signaled."
    (daynr (org-closest-date s daynr prefer))
    (t (time-to-days
        (condition-case errdata
-           (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string s))
+           (org-time-string-to-time s)
          (error (error "Bad timestamp `%s'%s\nError was: %s"
                        s
                        (if (not (and buffer pos)) ""
@@ -17686,12 +17683,12 @@ stamp stay unchanged.  In any case, return value is an absolute
 day number."
   (if (not (string-match "\\+\\([0-9]+\\)\\([hdwmy]\\)" start))
       ;; No repeater.  Do not shift time stamp.
-      (time-to-days (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string start)))
+      (time-to-days (org-time-string-to-time start))
     (let ((value (string-to-number (match-string 1 start)))
           (type (match-string 2 start)))
       (if (= 0 value)
           ;; Repeater with a 0-value is considered as void.
-          (time-to-days (apply #'encode-time (org-parse-time-string start)))
+          (time-to-days (org-time-string-to-time start))
         (let* ((base (org-date-to-gregorian start))
                (target (org-date-to-gregorian current))
                (sday (calendar-absolute-from-gregorian base))
@@ -18000,7 +17997,7 @@ When SUPPRESS-TMP-DELAY is non-nil, suppress delays like \"--2d\"."
           (setcar time0 (or (car time0) 0))
           (setcar (nthcdr 1 time0) (or (nth 1 time0) 0))
           (setcar (nthcdr 2 time0) (or (nth 2 time0) 0))
-          (setq time (apply 'encode-time time0))))
+          (setq time (encode-time time0))))
       ;; Insert the new time-stamp, and ensure point stays in the same
       ;; category as before (i.e. not after the last position in that
       ;; category).
@@ -23389,13 +23386,12 @@ strictly within a source block, use appropriate comment syntax."
 (defun org-timestamp--to-internal-time (timestamp &optional end)
   "Encode TIMESTAMP object into Emacs internal time.
 Use end of date range or time range when END is non-nil."
-  (apply #'encode-time
-         (cons 0
-               (mapcar
-                (lambda (prop) (or (org-element-property prop timestamp) 0))
-                (if end '(:minute-end :hour-end :day-end :month-end :year-end)
-                  '(:minute-start :hour-start :day-start :month-start
-                                  :year-start))))))
+  (apply #'encode-time 0
+         (mapcar
+          (lambda (prop) (or (org-element-property prop timestamp) 0))
+          (if end '(:minute-end :hour-end :day-end :month-end :year-end)
+            '(:minute-start :hour-start :day-start :month-start
+                            :year-start)))))
 
 (defun org-timestamp-has-time-p (timestamp)
   "Non-nil when TIMESTAMP has a time specified."
diff --git a/lisp/url/url-dav.el b/lisp/url/url-dav.el
index 2cc2b189a1d..a4cf0f0ec01 100644
--- a/lisp/url/url-dav.el
+++ b/lisp/url/url-dav.el
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ Returns nil if WebDAV is not supported."
       (setq time (parse-time-string date-string)))
 
     (if time
-        (setq time (apply 'encode-time time))
+        (setq time (encode-time time))
       (url-debug 'dav "Unable to decode date (%S) (%s)"
                  (xml-node-name node) date-string))
     time))
diff --git a/lisp/vc/vc-cvs.el b/lisp/vc/vc-cvs.el
index 5df0a287d30..a4ff1cb4cd2 100644
--- a/lisp/vc/vc-cvs.el
+++ b/lisp/vc/vc-cvs.el
@@ -650,7 +650,7 @@ Optional arg REVISION is a revision to annotate from."
   "Return the current time, based at midnight of the current day, and
 encoded as fractional days."
   (vc-annotate-convert-time
-   (apply 'encode-time 0 0 0 (nthcdr 3 (decode-time)))))
+   (apply #'encode-time 0 0 0 (nthcdr 3 (decode-time)))))
 
 (defun vc-cvs-annotate-time ()
   "Return the time of the next annotation (as fraction of days)
@@ -1184,9 +1184,8 @@ is non-nil."
                   (car parsed-time)
                   ;; Compare just the seconds part of the file time,
                   ;; since CVS file time stamp resolution is just 1 second.
-                  (let ((ptime (apply 'encode-time parsed-time)))
-                    (and (eq (car mtime) (car ptime))
-                         (eq (cadr mtime) (cadr ptime)))))
+                  (= (encode-time mtime 'integer)
+                     (encode-time parsed-time 'integer)))
              (vc-file-setprop file 'vc-checkout-time mtime)
              (if set-state (vc-file-setprop file 'vc-state 'up-to-date)))
             (t