* lisp/net/tramp-sh.el (tramp-do-copy-or-rename-file-out-of-band):
Use `start-process' instead of `start-process-shell-command'.
(tramp-make-copy-program-file-name): Do not quote `localname'.

* test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el (tramp-method-out-of-band-p): Declare.
(tramp--test-windows-nt-and-batch-p)
(tramp--test-windows-nt-and-pscp-psftp-p): Remove, and also all callees.
(tramp--test-windows-nt-and-out-of-band-p)
(tramp--test-windows-nt-and-scp-p): New defuns.
(tramp-test17-dired-with-wildcards)
(tramp-test40-special-characters)
(tramp-test40-special-characters-with-stat)
(tramp-test40-special-characters-with-perl)
(tramp-test40-special-characters-with-ls, tramp-test41-utf8)
(tramp-test41-utf8-with-stat, tramp-test41-utf8-with-perl)
(tramp-test41-utf8-with-ls): Use them.

* doc/misc/tramp.texi (FUSE setup): Fix typo.

* lisp/net/tramp-sshfs.el (tramp-sshfs-handle-set-file-modes):
Use `tramp-compat-set-file-modes'.

* test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el
(tramp-test43-asynchronous-requests): Don't run for tramp-sshfs.

* doc/misc/tramp.texi (FUSE setup): Method sshfs supports also
remote processes.

* lisp/net/tramp-cache.el (tramp-get-file-property)
(tramp-set-file-property): Move setting of
`tramp-cache-unload-hook' out of function.

* lisp/net/tramp.el (tramp-expand-args): New defun.
(tramp-handle-make-process):
* lisp/net/tramp-sh.el (tramp-do-copy-or-rename-file-out-of-band)
(tramp-maybe-open-connection):
* lisp/net/tramp-sshfs.el (tramp-sshfs-maybe-open-connection):
* lisp/net/tramp-sudoedit.el (tramp-sudoedit-send-command): Use it.

* lisp/net/tramp-sshfs.el (tramp-methods) <sshfs>:
Adapt `tramp-mount-args'.  Add `tramp-login-args',
`tramp-direct-async', `tramp-remote-shell',
`tramp-remote-shell-login' and `tramp-remote-shell-args'.
(tramp-connection-properties): Set "direct-async-process" fir sshfs.
(tramp-sshfs-file-name-handler-alist): Add `exec-path',
`make-process', `process-file', `set-file-modes', `shell-command',
`start-file-process', `tramp-get-remote-gid',
`tramp-get-remote-uid' and `tramp-set-file-uid-gid'.
(tramp-sshfs-handle-exec-path, tramp-sshfs-handle-process-file)
(tramp-sshfs-handle-set-file-modes): New defuns.

* test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el (tramp-test20-file-modes)
(tramp-test28-process-file, tramp-test29-start-file-process)
(tramp-test30-make-process, tramp-test32-shell-command)
(tramp-test32-shell-command-dont-erase-buffer)
(tramp-test34-explicit-shell-file-name, tramp-test35-exec-path)
(tramp-test43-asynchronous-requests): Run also for tramp-sshfs.
(tramp--test-shell-file-name): New defun.
(tramp-test28-process-file)
(tramp-test34-explicit-shell-file-name)
(tramp-test43-asynchronous-requests): Use it.
(tramp-test40-special-characters-with-stat)
(tramp-test40-special-characters-with-perl)
(tramp-test40-special-characters-with-ls)
(tramp-test41-utf8-with-stat, tramp-test41-utf8-with-perl)
(tramp-test41-utf8-with-ls): Remove superfluous skip.

* doc/misc/tramp.texi (Top, Configuration): Insert sections 'FUSE-based
methods' and 'FUSE setup' in menu.
(Quick Start Guide): Fix @anchors.  Add doas.  Extend section
'Using @command{rclone}' to 'Using @acronym{FUSE}-based methods'.
(External methods): Remove rclone paragraph.
(FUSE-based methods, FUSE setup): New nodes.
(Predefined connection information): Mention "mount-point".

* etc/NEWS: Mention Tramp sshfs method.
Fix typos and other oddities.

* lisp/net/tramp-fuse.el: New file.

* lisp/net/tramp-rclone.el (tramp-fuse): Require.
(tramp-rclone-file-name-handler-alist): Replace `tramp-rclone-handle-*'
by `tramp-fuse-handle-*' where appropriate.
(tramp-rclone-handle-delete-directory)
(tramp-rclone-handle-delete-file)
(tramp-rclone-handle-directory-files)
(tramp-rclone-handle-file-attributes)
(tramp-rclone-handle-file-executable-p)
(tramp-rclone-handle-file-name-all-completions)
(tramp-rclone-handle-file-readable-p)
(tramp-rclone-handle-insert-directory)
(tramp-rclone-handle-insert-file-contents)
(tramp-rclone-handle-make-directory, tramp-rclone-mount-point)
(tramp-rclone-mounted-p, tramp-rclone-local-file-name):
Remove.  Functionality moved to tramp-fuse.el.
(tramp-rclone-remote-file-name)
(tramp-rclone-maybe-open-connection): Use `tramp-fuse-*' functions.

* lisp/net/tramp-sh.el (tramp-do-copy-or-rename-file-out-of-band):
Simplify check.

* lisp/net/tramp-sshfs.el: New file.

* lisp/net/tramp.el: Remove TODO item.

* test/lisp/net/tramp-tests.el (tramp--test-sshfs-p): New defun.
(tramp-test14-delete-directory): Use it.

* lisp/net/puny.el: change puny-skew to match value given in RFC3492.
* test/lisp/net/puny-tests.el (puny-test-encode-domain)
(puny-test-decode-domain): add regression case for popular
domain. (bug#46838).

After the fix for Bug#46709, these no longer fail in the absence of a
working Internet connection

* test/lisp/net/network-stream-tests.el (internet-is-working): Remove
defvar, it's no longer needed in this file.

* test/lisp/net/network-stream-tests.el
(connect-to-tls-ipv4-nowait):
(connect-to-tls-ipv6-nowait):
(open-network-stream-tls-nowait):
(open-gnutls-stream-new-api-nowait):
(open-gnutls-stream-old-api-nowait): Remove check for internet-is-working.

* test/lisp/net/network-stream-tests.el
(connect-to-tls-ipv4-nowait): Specify :family 'ipv4.